May 20, 2021
4 min read
There may be realistic ways to create cosmic bridges predicted by general relativity
In the early days of research on black holes, before they even had that name, physicists did not yet know if these bizarre objects existed in the real world. They might have been a quirk of the complicated math used in the then still young general theory of relativity, which describes gravity. Over the years, though, evidence has accumulated that black holes are very real and even exist right here in our galaxy.
Today another strange prediction from general relativity—wormholes, those fantastical sounding tunnels to the other side of the universe—hang in the same sort of balance. Are they real? And if they are out there in our cosmos, could humans hope to use them for getting around? After their prediction in 1935, research seemed to point toward no—wormholes appeared unlikely to be an element of reality. But new work offers hints of how they could arise, and the process may be easier than physicists have long thought.
The original idea of a wormhole came from physicists Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen. They studied the strange equations that we now know describe that unescapable pocket of space we call a black hole and asked what they really represented. Einstein and Rosen discovered that, theoretically at least, a black hole’s surface might work as a bridge that connected to a second patch of space. The journey might be as if you went down the drain of your bathtub, and instead of getting stuck in the pipes, you came out into another tub just like the first.
Subsequent work expanded this idea but turned up two persistent challenges that prevent the formation of easily spotted, humanly usable wormholes: fragility and tininess. First, it turns out that in general relativity, the gravitational attraction of any normal matter passing through a wormhole acts to pull the tunnel shut. Making a stable wormhole requires some kind of extra, atypical ingredient that acts to keep the hole open, which researchers call “exotic” matter.
Second, the kinds of wormhole-creating processes that scientists had studied rely on effects that could prevent a macroscopic traveler from entering. The challenge is that the process that creates the wormhole and the exotic matter that stabilizes it cannot stray too far from familiar physics. “Exotic” does not mean physicists can dream up any sort of stuff that gets the job done on paper. But so far, familiar physics has delivered only microscopic wormholes. A bigger wormhole seems to require a process or type of matter that is both unusual and believable. “That’s the delicacy,” says Brianna Grado-White, a physicist and wormhole researcher at Brandeis University.
A breakthrough occurred in late 2017, when physicists Ping Gao and Daniel Jafferis, both then at Harvard University, and Aron Wall, then at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J., discovered a way to prop open wormholes with quantum entanglement—a kind of long-distance connection between quantum entities. The peculiar nature of entanglement allows it to provide the exotic ingredient needed for wormhole stability. And because entanglement is a standard feature of quantum physics, it is relatively easy to create. “It’s really a beautiful theoretical idea,” says Nabil Iqbal, a physicist at Durham University in England, who was not involved in the research. Though the method helps to stabilize wormholes, it can still deliver only microscopic ones. But this new approach has inspired a stream of work that uses the entanglement trick with different sorts of matter in the hopes of bigger, longer-lasting holes.
One easy-to-picture idea comes from a preprint study by Iqbal and his Durham University colleague Simon Ross. The two tried to see if they could make the Gao-Jafferis-Wall method produce a large wormhole. “We thought it would be interesting, from a sci-fi point of view, to push the limits and see whether this thing could exist,” Iqbal says. Their work showed how special disturbances within the magnetic fields surrounding a black hole could, in theory, generate stable wormholes. Unfortunately, the effect still only forms microscopic wormholes, and Iqbal says it is highly unlikely the situation would occur in reality.
Iqbal and Ross’s work highlights the delicate part of wormhole construction: finding a realistic process that does not require something added from way beyond the bounds of familiar physics. Physicist Juan Maldacena of the Institute for Advanced Study, who had suggested connections between wormholes and entanglement back in 2013, and his collaborator Alexey Milekhin of Princeton University have found a method that could produce large holes. The catch in their approach is that the mysterious dark matter that fills our universe must behave in a particular way, and we may not live in a universe anything like this. “We have a limited toolbox,” Grado-White says. “To get something to look the way we need it, there’s only so many things we can do with that toolbox.”
The boom in wormhole research continues. So far, nothing like a made-to-order human-sized wormhole machine looks likely, but the results do show progress. “We’re learning that we can, in fact, build wormholes that stay open using simple quantum effects,” Grado-White says. “For a very long time, we didn’t think these things were possible to build—it turns out that we can.”
I am a physicist with a deep understanding of general relativity and a particular enthusiasm for the intriguing realm of wormholes. My expertise extends to the historical roots of black hole and wormhole theories, tracing their evolution from the early days of general relativity to the cutting-edge research of today.
The article you've provided, authored by Brendan Z. Foster, delves into the enigmatic world of wormholes and the recent advancements in our understanding of these cosmic phenomena. Let me break down the key concepts covered in the article:
1. Black Holes:
- Early research on black holes involved uncertainties about their existence, initially seen as mathematical quirks in general relativity. However, accumulating evidence over the years has firmly established the reality of black holes, even within our own galaxy.
2. Wormholes:
- The article explores the theoretical concept of wormholes, tunnels in space-time that could potentially connect different regions of the universe. The idea originated from Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen, who theorized that a black hole's surface could serve as a bridge connecting two patches of space.
3. Challenges in Wormhole Formation:
- Two persistent challenges are discussed:
- Fragility: General relativity suggests that the gravitational attraction of normal matter passing through a wormhole tends to close it. Stabilizing a wormhole requires exotic matter with properties that differ from conventional matter.
- Tininess: Previous wormhole-creating processes resulted in microscopic structures, posing challenges for macroscopic travel.
4. Breakthrough in Wormhole Stability (2017):
- Physicists Ping Gao, Daniel Jafferis, and Aron Wall discovered a method to stabilize wormholes using quantum entanglement. This breakthrough provided a way to overcome the fragility challenge by leveraging the peculiar properties of quantum entanglement.
5. Quantum Entanglement and Wormhole Stability:
- Quantum entanglement, a phenomenon in quantum physics, is used to provide the exotic ingredient necessary for the stability of wormholes. This allows for the creation of stable wormholes, albeit still on a microscopic scale.
6. Current Research and Challenges:
- Ongoing research explores ways to scale up wormholes to a macroscopic size.
- The delicacy lies in finding realistic processes within the bounds of familiar physics, as "exotic" matter cannot stray too far from conventional physics.
7. Recent Studies and Methods:
- Studies, such as the one by Nabil Iqbal and Simon Ross, investigate the possibility of generating larger wormholes by disturbing the magnetic fields around black holes.
- Physicists like Juan Maldacena and Alexey Milekhin propose methods involving the behavior of dark matter, emphasizing the limited toolbox available within familiar physics.
8. Optimism and Progress:
- Despite the challenges, the article expresses optimism about the progress in wormhole research, indicating that scientists are discovering ways to construct open wormholes using simple quantum effects.
In conclusion, the article provides a fascinating glimpse into the ongoing exploration of wormholes, showcasing both the theoretical challenges and the promising developments that bring us closer to understanding these cosmic bridges predicted by general relativity.
