Port 80 and 443 refer only to the server port in use (i.e. it is "just a number") and carries no significance at all with regards to security.
What really differentiates them is http and https, http and https refer to the protocol in use.
http is used for unencrypted cleartext communication, which means transferred data may be intercepted and read in plain by a human. Username/password fields may for instance be captured and read.
https refers to SSL/TLS encrypted communication. It must be decrypted to be read. Normally/ideally only the endpoints are capable of encrypting/decrypting the data, although this is a statement with caveats.
Therefore https may be considered more secure than http.
The default port for https connections is 443, so browsers will connect on that default port if your url has a https protocol and no port number specified. the default port for http connections is 80.
You can modify the https port through url rewrite or directly in Site bindings, but I don’t recommend this because it can easily cause problems.
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