When using your 401(k) to pay off debt makes sense (2024)

FAQs

When using your 401(k) to pay off debt makes sense? ›

Among the pros of a 401(k) withdrawal is that you won't have to repay those funds. Taking money from your 401(k) can make sense when paying off high-interest debt, like credit cards, Tayne said. On the downside, your retirement savings balance will drop.

Using retirement savings to pay off debt is a decision that should not be taken lightly. It's true that paying off high-interest debt can save you money in the long run, but you also have to consider the potential loss of future investment growth in your retirement account.

“As a general rule, dipping into your retirement funds to cover a short-term need could end up costing you more in the long run. If it's possible, I'd encourage you to consider other ways to access cash that could be more beneficial to your long- and short-term financial goals,” Feist says.

Ultimately, Dave Ramsey gives a number of reasons why it's a bad idea to use retirement funds to pay off debt — unless you're facing bankruptcy or foreclosure. But there are other strategies you can use to eliminate debt and increase your net worth.

A 401(k) loan can offer a solution if you need funds for the short term. The key is short-term, such as a year or less–so it's crucial that you use the funds for a one-time debt payoff, not to enable an over-spending problem. It's also important to make sure you pay back the loan on schedule.

If the interest rate on your debt is 6% or greater, you should generally pay down debt before investing additional dollars toward retirement. This guideline assumes that you've already put away some emergency savings, you've fully captured any employer match, and you've paid off any credit card debt.

In some cases, you might be able to withdraw funds from a 401(k) to pay off debt without incurring extra fees. This is true if you qualify as having an immediate and heavy financial need, and meet IRS criteria. In those circ*mstances, you could take a hardship withdrawal.

Employer-sponsored, tax-deferred retirement plans like 401(k)s and 403(b)s have rules about when you can access your funds. As a general rule, if you withdraw funds before age 59 ½, you'll trigger an IRS tax penalty of 10%.

Early withdrawals from a 401(k) account can be expensive. Generally, if you take a distribution from a 401(k) before age 59½, you will likely owe: Federal income tax (taxed at your marginal tax rate). 10% penalty on the amount that you withdraw.

At what age should I be debt free? ›

“Shark Tank” investor Kevin O'Leary has said the ideal age to be debt-free is 45, especially if you want to retire by age 60. Being debt-free — including paying off your mortgage — by your mid-40s puts you on the early path toward success, O'Leary argued.

Wiping out high-interest debt on a timely basis will reduce the amount of total interest you'll end up paying, and it'll free up money in your budget for other purposes. On the other hand, not having enough emergency savings can lead to even more credit card debt when you're hit with an unplanned expense.

Retiree Debt Is Real, and Growing

Today about 60% of Americans over 65 owe money. But while this is an arresting figure, the authors are quick to point out that it doesn't really give us much useful information. “Debt,” as measured by the Federal Reserve, includes virtually all forms of borrowing.

After other borrowing options are ruled out, a 401(k) loan might be an acceptable choice for paying off high-interest debt or covering a necessary expense. But you'll need a disciplined financial plan to repay it on time and avoid penalties.

If you're disciplined, responsible, and can manage to pay back a 401(k) loan on time, great—a loan is better than a withdrawal, which will be subject to taxes and most likely a 10 percent penalty. But if you're not—or if life somehow gets in the way of your ability to repay—it can be very costly.

A 401(k) plan will usually let you borrow as much as 50% of your vested account balance, up to $50,000. (Plans aren't required to let you borrow, and may impose various restrictions, so check with your plan administrator.) You pay the loan back, with interest, from your paycheck.

Key Takeaways

Paying down a mortgage with funds from your 401(k) can reduce your monthly expenses as retirement approaches. A paydown can also allow you to stop paying interest on the mortgage, especially if it's fairly early in the term of your mortgage.

For early withdrawals that do not meet a qualified exemption, there is a 10% penalty. You will also have to pay income tax on those funds. Both calculations are based on the amount withdrawn.

How does a 401(k) withdrawal affect your tax return? Once you start withdrawing from your traditional 401(k), your withdrawals are usually taxed as ordinary taxable income. That said, you'll report the taxable part of your distribution directly on your Form 1040 for any tax year that you make a distribution.