Key takeaways
- A FICO score below 580 or a VantageScore of less than 601 is considered a bad credit score.
- If your score falls in the bad credit range, you will face less favorable outcomes with lenders (who may charge you higher interest rates), landlords (who could deny you housing) and maybe even prospective employers (who might reject you for a job).
- You don't need to live with bad credit. You can improve your score in various ways, such as making on-time payments and becoming an authorized user on the credit card account of a friend or family member with good credit habits.
A bad credit score is a FICO score below 580, meaning it falls in the poor credit range. Along the same lines, a bad score in the VantageScore model is one below 601, which would belong in the poor or very poor credit ranges. Scores in these ranges are often referred to by lenders as “subprime,” and people with bad credit scores may find it difficult to gain access to credit with favorable terms (or at all).
Bad credit makes many common financial activities more difficult, whether you’re applying for a personal loan or taking out a mortgage, and it can even prevent you from getting a new job. Those with bad credit might also find it harder to qualify for a credit card or get stuck with lower credit limits and higher interest rates if they are approved — something that could quickly make life unaffordable if they have to carry a balance, as 44 percent of cardholders do, according to Bankrate’s Chasing Rewards in Debt survey.
Here, we’ll break down what it means to have a bad credit score, as well as what impact it could have on your life and what you can do to fix it.
What is a bad credit score?
There are two widely used credit score types: FICO score and VantageScore. While both scoring models use a credit spectrum ranging from 300 to 850, their credit scoring ranges are somewhat different.
What is a bad FICO credit score?
In the FICO (that is, Fair Isaac Corporation) scoring model, scores range from 300 to 850. This number is designed to signal to potential lenders how risky a particular borrower is. If your credit score lands between 300 and 579, it is considered poor, and lenders may see you as a risk.
Here’s how the FICO credit scoring system ranks credit scores:
FICO credit scores
- Poor: 300-579
- Fair: 580-669
- Good: 670-739
- Very Good: 740-799
- Exceptional: 800-850
In October 2023, the average FICO credit score in the U.S. was 717 points, which is squarely in the good range. If you have subprime credit (less than 670), your credit score falls in either the fair or poor range and is considered to be below average.
What is a bad VantageScore credit score?
VantageScore is another credit scoring model that pulls data from consumer credit reports in order to calculate a credit score. In the VantageScore model, a score between 300 and 660 is considered a subprime credit score, with scores below 500 deemed very poor.
The VantageScore model breaks down its credit score ranges as follows:
VantageScore credit scores
- Very Poor: 300-499
- Poor: 500-600
- Fair: 601-660
- Good: 661-780
- Excellent: 781-850
The average VantageScore credit score in April of 2024 was 702 — well within Vantage’s good credit score range.
Factors that impact your credit score
Your credit score is based on the information in your credit report. Each of the three major credit bureaus (Equifax, Experian and TransUnion) builds a unique credit report based on the way you use the various credit accounts under your name.
Here are the five factors that make up your credit score, according to the FICO model:
Credit score factors
- Payment history (35 percent):
- Your track record and timeliness of payments on your credit accounts.
- Amounts owed (30 percent):
- FICO looks at both the total amount owed across all your accounts and your credit utilization on revolving accounts. Your credit utilization ratio, or debt-to-credit ratio, is your current credit balance compared to the amount of credit available to you.
- Length of credit history (15 percent):
- The length of your credit history is how long you’ve successfully maintained open credit accounts.
- Credit mix (10 percent):
- The mix of credit types in your account. Lenders like to see that you can manage both revolving credit, like a credit card, and installment loans, like a car loan.
- New credit (10 percent):
- How often you apply for new lines of credit. Those applications typically show up on your credit report as hard credit inquiries, which can lower your credit score temporarily.
Keep in mind: VantageScore uses similar factors but slightly different terminology and category weights. Under the VantageScore 4.0 model, the factors that affect your credit score are payment history, depth of credit, credit utilization, recent credit, balances and available credit. Among these, payment history, depth of credit and credit utilization are the most important, weighted at 41 percent, 20 percent and 20 percent of your score, respectively.
It’s possible to have a high credit score even if you are weak in one of the five factors. If you are relatively new to credit, for example, you might not have an extensive credit history — and you might only have one or two credit cards under your name, which means you don’t have much of a credit mix yet.
However, if you make on-time payments, keep your balances low and avoid applying for too much credit at once, you can still build and maintain a good credit score.
The impact of a bad credit score
Overall, here are some of the unfortunate ways a bad score can impact you:
- Harder time getting credit approval: Lenders view borrowers with bad credit as a risk, which means they’re less likely to approve you for credit. Since banks and lending institutions typically have rigorous qualification standards for their products, getting approval for a loan or credit card can be difficult for anyone with a bad credit score.
- Higher interest rates and more restrictive terms on loans and credit cards: Some lenders have more lenient guidelines and will approve a borrower with bad credit for credit products. However, they’ll likely offset their risk by attaching a higher interest rate to the loan or credit card — meaning you’ll pay more in interest.
- Higher insurance premiums: Most states allow home and auto insurance carriers to check your credit scores as part of their risk analysis. Your insurer may consider your bad credit score an indicator of higher risk overall and charge you a higher premium.
- Tougher time renting an apartment: Many landlords run background checks that include credit information on potential tenants. While this is different from a credit check performed by a lender, your landlord may be able to see your payment history, overdue bills and other information. Ultimately, landlords may be less likely to approve a lease for applicants with bad credit than they are for tenants with good credit.
- Restricted career opportunities: With your written permission, it is legal in most states for an employer to review your credit report and use the information when making hiring decisions. Although some states have laws that restrict using credit information in the hiring process, other states don’t offer such protections.
- May have to make a deposit for utilities: Utility companies can and do perform background checks on those who seek their services. If your credit history is poor, you may be required to pay a security deposit in order to establish utility services.
All of these effects can weigh on your mind. According to a 2023 survey by FICO, 85 percent of Americans find that when their credit score is healthy, they feel more secure in general.
If you’re concerned your credit may be having a negative impact on your life, you can take proactive steps to raise your credit score.
How to improve a bad credit score
There are many ways to improve your credit score. Ultimately, it comes down to taking strategic action and consistently making strong financial decisions. Here are six steps you can take to improve your credit profile:
- Check your credit reports: Start by getting a free credit report from each of the three major credit bureaus at AnnualCreditReport.com, a government-authorized website. You can access these reports weekly. Dispute any errors and identify the negative information bringing down your score so you know where to focus your credit repair efforts.
- Avoid late payments: Since payment history makes up the largest portion of both your FICO and VantageScore scores, paying your bills on time is one of the best ways to build and maintain strong credit. Consider setting up automatic payments on your accounts to prevent late payments.
- Lower your credit utilization ratio: Your credit utilization ratio is another important factor in your overall credit score. A common rule of thumb is to keep your balances below 30 percent of your credit limit, although the highest credit score achievers typically use less than 10 percent of their available credit, according to one FICO study.
- Become an authorized user: If your credit history is thin or you just want to improve your payment history, consider asking a friend or relative to add you as an authorized user on their credit card account. Assure the person helping you that you don’t even have to use the card or even know their account number. This strategy can be beneficial if the person you ask has an account with a high credit limit, low credit utilization and a strong history of timely payments. However, any negative marks on that credit account will also affect your credit score, so make sure you only do this with someone you trust to use credit responsibly.
- Sign up for a secured credit card: Cardholders of secured credit cards open their accounts by putting down cash deposits as collateral, so their credit scores aren’t as important when it comes to the approval process. Because it’s much easier to get approved for a secured credit card than an unsecured one, these cards can be great tools for repairing or building credit. Many issuers even give you the opportunity to graduate to an unsecured credit card in their lineup once you’ve raised your score and have shown that you can use your card responsibly.
- Look into credit builder loans: Credit cards aren’t the only financial tools available for those with bad or no credit history. If you don’t feel like a credit card is right for you, consider getting a credit builder loan instead. These types of loans work in reverse from traditional loans. Instead of the bank giving you a loan and you paying it back little by little, the bank deposits your loan into a savings account or CD account and gives you access only after you’ve paid them back with routine monthly payments.
The bottom line
A bad credit score is a FICO credit score below 580 and a VantageScore lower than 601. If your credit isn’t where you would like it to be, remember that a bad credit score doesn’t have to weigh you down. You can take simple steps to improve your credit, such as signing up for a secured credit card or a credit card designed for bad credit, then making consistent on-time payments. With one of these tools, you might even see results quickly. It’s worth the effort, because good credit can lead to more opportunities and financial benefits.
