Last updated on Jul 16, 2024
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Soil conditions
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Load characteristics
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Foundation depth
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Foundation type
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Foundation performance
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Foundation maintenance
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Choosing the right type of foundation for a construction project is a crucial decision that affects the stability, durability, and cost of the structure. Foundations are classified into two main categories: shallow and deep. Shallow foundations are those that transfer the load of the structure to the soil near the surface, while deep foundations are those that transfer the load to deeper layers of soil or rock. How do you decide which one to use? Here are some key factors to consider when choosing between shallow and deep foundations.
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- Hadia Ali Civil Engineer | Geotechnical Engineer | UET, Lahore | Amal Alumni
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- Nawod Keenagalla Final Year Civil Engineering Undergraduate | Specializing in Geotechnical Engineering | Owner of “Civil Engineering…
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1 Soil conditions
The first factor to consider is the soil conditions at the site. You need to know the properties and characteristics of the soil, such as its strength, density, moisture content, compressibility, and bearing capacity. You also need to identify any potential geohazards, such as liquefaction, landslides, erosion, or seismic activity, that could affect the performance of the foundation. Shallow foundations are suitable for sites with firm, stable, and uniform soils that can support the load of the structure without excessive settlement or deformation. Deep foundations are preferred for sites with weak, loose, or heterogeneous soils that cannot provide adequate support for the structure or are prone to geohazards.
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Consider soil conditions, load characteristics, and foundation depth when choosing between shallow and deep foundations. Evaluate various foundation types based on project requirements. Assess foundation performance for reliability and safety. Implement maintenance plans for optimal longevity. Share additional insights to enhance decision-making.
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- Nawod Keenagalla Final Year Civil Engineering Undergraduate | Specializing in Geotechnical Engineering | Owner of “Civil Engineering Journey” channel
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Yes of course! Although deep foundations can carry more load, deep foundations cannot be utilized in every structure due to their high cost. There the soil conditions must be assessed to find the soil properties so that a suitable foundation type can be determined.
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- Jose Antonio Marinho Pontes Jr Engenheiro civil MSc - Supervisao de Obras Rodoviarias : OAEs- Obras de Artes Especiais, Pavimentacao e Geotecnico.
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Para definicao no tipo de fundacao a ser utlizado e fundamental a realizacao de estudos geotecnicos . Um dos estudos fundamentais e a investigacao geotecnica por sondagem spt , onde obtem-se o indice de resistencia a penetracao Nspt por cada avanco de camada , o nivel freatico e tipologia do solo por cada metro de avanco conforme tabela de classificacao dos solos sucs. Outra investigacao e a coleta de amostra nao trabalhada para caracterizacao dos parametros fisicos e geomecanicos. Apartir dai e possivel passar os resultados ao engenheiro calculista para que atraves de software especifico possa definir o tipo de fundacao a ser utlizado
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- Andy Jesik. P.E. Founder @ JESIK CONSULTING | Engineering
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First and most important thing is to understand the project limitations and allowable movement. I have recommended thousands of foundations in my career, both shallow and deep.Generally, deep foundations will move less, cost more, can hold more weight and support a structure over unsuitable soils such as expansive or collapsible soils.Deep foundations are typically driven or drilled to a hard uniform strata or rock or use skin friction to support the loads. We used friction piles for a 23 story hotel in California when we finished the site investigation and determined that the sand was well over 100-feet deep.Other factors for consideration are soils with expansive, collapsible, soft, organic debris characteristics, groundwater depth.
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- Amr Mohammed Aff.M.ASCE, GIStructE, Aff.M.IEA, Aff.M.ACI, AutoDesk Revit Structure Expert, Senior Structural Design Engineer, Value Engineer, Freelance Engineer and BIM Engineer
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Consider Soil Conditions, excavation level, foundation type. Evaluate & assess soil characteristics to determine the appropriate soil type for designing to earthquakes.
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2 Load characteristics
The second factor to consider is the load characteristics of the structure. You need to estimate the magnitude, direction, and distribution of the load that the structure will impose on the foundation. You also need to account for any dynamic or cyclic loads, such as wind, earthquake, or traffic, that could cause vibrations or movements in the foundation. Shallow foundations are suitable for structures with relatively light, symmetrical, and static loads that do not induce large stresses or strains in the soil. Deep foundations are preferred for structures with heavy, asymmetrical, or dynamic loads that require greater stability and resistance to lateral forces.
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- Nawod Keenagalla Final Year Civil Engineering Undergraduate | Specializing in Geotechnical Engineering | Owner of “Civil Engineering Journey” channel
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Absolutely!To design the foundation relevant loads must be calculated with safety factors. Then the foundation design can be carried out.
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- David Febres Senior Commercial Manager en KELLER | Máster en Geotecnia.Apasionado de la Geotecnia y las Ventas.
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Adicionalmente al tipo de carga, es importante condicionar el uso de las cimentaciones superficiales en el caso de tener cargas sísmicas importantes en suelos potencialmente licuables.En un suelo potencialmente licuable, si la probabilidad de manifestación severa de licuación (Towhata et al. 2016), se debe desaconsejar el uso de cimentaciones superficiales.
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- Amr Mohammed Aff.M.ASCE, GIStructE, Aff.M.IEA, Aff.M.ACI, AutoDesk Revit Structure Expert, Senior Structural Design Engineer, Value Engineer, Freelance Engineer and BIM Engineer
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Analyse the pros & cons of shallow & deep foundations. Evaluate the bearing capacity for the soil. Provide multi options and consider the economy, safety, reliabity & workability for each.
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- Hadia Ali Civil Engineer | Geotechnical Engineer | UET, Lahore | Amal Alumni
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Considering load characteristics involves evaluating the magnitude, distribution, and nature of the loads the foundation will bear. This includes analyzing both vertical loads from the structure itself and lateral loads from external factors like wind or seismic events. Understanding these factors is essential for determining the appropriate foundation type and design to ensure structural stability and safety over the long term.Shallow foundations are ideal for structures with light, symmetrical, and steady loads, minimizing stress on the soil. Conversely, deep foundations are better suited for structures with heavy, asymmetrical, or dynamic loads, providing enhanced stability and resistance against lateral forces.
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3 Foundation depth
The third factor to consider is the foundation depth, which is the distance between the base of the foundation and the ground surface. The foundation depth affects the load transfer mechanism, the soil-structure interaction, and the construction cost and complexity. Shallow foundations have a smaller depth than deep foundations, which means they have a simpler and cheaper construction process and less environmental impact. However, they also have a larger contact area with the soil, which means they are more susceptible to differential settlement and frost heave. Deep foundations have a larger depth than shallow foundations, which means they have a more complex and expensive construction process and more environmental impact. However, they also have a smaller contact area with the soil, which means they are less affected by surface conditions and more effective in transferring the load to deeper layers.
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- Hadia Ali Civil Engineer | Geotechnical Engineer | UET, Lahore | Amal Alumni
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Foundation depth is a crucial factor to consider as it determines how effectively the foundation can distribute loads and withstand external forces. The appropriate depth depends on soil conditions, load characteristics, and structural requirements, ensuring stability and long-term performance of the building.Foundation depth impacts load transfer, soil-structure interaction, and construction cost. Shallow foundations, with smaller depth, offer simpler, cheaper construction but are prone to settlement and frost heave due to larger soil contact area. In contrast, deep foundations, with greater depth, entail complex, costly construction but provide better load transfer and are less affected by surface conditions.
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- Amr Mohammed Aff.M.ASCE, GIStructE, Aff.M.IEA, Aff.M.ACI, AutoDesk Revit Structure Expert, Senior Structural Design Engineer, Value Engineer, Freelance Engineer and BIM Engineer
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Foundation depth is crucial to ensure that the footings transfer the load to the desired soil layer satisfying the following conditions:1- Settlement are within the allowable limit.2- No differenetial settlement occurs.3- No soil liquefaction.4- stresses acting on soil are within the bearing capacity limits & do not make any tension on soil.5- Resistant to uplift & lateral loads.6- Prevent water infiltration to the building.7- Ease of maintenance & repair.8- Reliable.
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4 Foundation type
The fourth factor to consider is the foundation type, which is the specific design and configuration of the foundation. There are various types of shallow and deep foundations, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Some common types of shallow foundations are strip, pad, mat, and raft foundations. Some common types of deep foundations are pile, pier, caisson, and micropile foundations. The choice of foundation type depends on the soil conditions, load characteristics, foundation depth, and other factors. You need to evaluate the technical feasibility, economic viability, and environmental compatibility of each option and select the one that best suits your project requirements and objectives.
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- Nawod Keenagalla Final Year Civil Engineering Undergraduate | Specializing in Geotechnical Engineering | Owner of “Civil Engineering Journey” channel
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For one instance, in a soil area which is more susceptible to differential settlement it is recommended not to use pad foundations and it is better to use mat or raft foundations.
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- Hadia Ali Civil Engineer | Geotechnical Engineer | UET, Lahore | Amal Alumni
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Foundation type refers to the specific design and construction method used to support a structure and transfer its loads to the underlying soil or rock. There are various types of foundations, including shallow foundations such as strip footings, raft foundations, and pad foundations, which spread loads horizontally near the surface. Deep foundations, on the other hand, include pile foundations, drilled piers, and caissons, which transfer loads vertically to deeper, more stable soil or rock layers. The choice of foundation type depends on factors such as soil conditions, load characteristics, and project requirements, with each type offering unique advantages and considerations in terms of construction, performance, and cost.
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- Amr Mohammed Aff.M.ASCE, GIStructE, Aff.M.IEA, Aff.M.ACI, AutoDesk Revit Structure Expert, Senior Structural Design Engineer, Value Engineer, Freelance Engineer and BIM Engineer
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Footings can be calssified into two main categories:1- Shallow Foundations Shallow Foundations are footings having excavation level less than or equal to the footing depth. Shallow foundations include: isolated footings, strip footings, strap footings, combined footings, mat foundations.2- Deep footings Deep footings are footings where excavation level is greater than the footings width. Deep footings include, piles, micro piles foundations & pier foundations.
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5 Foundation performance
The fifth factor to consider is the foundation performance, which is the expected behavior and outcome of the foundation under various loading and environmental scenarios. You need to assess the reliability, safety, and durability of the foundation and ensure that it meets the design criteria and standards. You also need to monitor and evaluate the actual performance of the foundation during and after construction and compare it with the predicted performance. You need to identify and address any discrepancies, defects, or failures that could compromise the integrity and functionality of the structure. Shallow and deep foundations have different performance characteristics and challenges, depending on the site conditions, load conditions, foundation type, and construction quality.
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- Hadia Ali Civil Engineer | Geotechnical Engineer | UET, Lahore | Amal Alumni
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Foundation performance encompasses the expected behavior and outcomes of the foundation under different loads and environmental conditions. It involves assessing reliability, safety, and durability, ensuring adherence to design criteria and standards. Monitoring during and after construction helps compare predicted versus actual performance, addressing any issues compromising structural integrity. Shallow and deep foundations present distinct performance characteristics and challenges influenced by site and load conditions, foundation type, and construction quality.
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- Amr Mohammed Aff.M.ASCE, GIStructE, Aff.M.IEA, Aff.M.ACI, AutoDesk Revit Structure Expert, Senior Structural Design Engineer, Value Engineer, Freelance Engineer and BIM Engineer
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Foundation Performance should satisfy the following:1- Settlement are within the allowable limit.2- No differenetial settlement occurs.3- No soil liquefaction.4- stresses acting on soil are within the bearing capacity limits & do not make any tension on soil.5- Resistant to uplift & lateral loads.6- Prevent water infiltration to the building.7- Ease of maintenance & repair.8- Reliable.
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6 Foundation maintenance
The sixth factor to consider is the foundation maintenance, which is the ongoing care and repair of the foundation to ensure its optimal performance and longevity. You need to establish and implement a maintenance plan that covers the inspection, testing, cleaning, and reinforcement of the foundation components and connections. You also need to identify and prevent any potential problems or risks that could affect the foundation performance, such as corrosion, cracking, settlement, or deterioration. You need to allocate sufficient resources and personnel for the maintenance activities and document and report the results and recommendations. Shallow and deep foundations have different maintenance requirements and costs, depending on the foundation type, material, and condition.
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7 Here’s what else to consider
This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?
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