Last updated on Jun 28, 2024
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- Foundations
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Soil investigation
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Settlement prediction
3
Settlement criteria
4
Settlement monitoring
5
Settlement reporting
6
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Foundation settlement is the downward movement of a structure due to the compression or consolidation of the underlying soil. It can affect the stability, serviceability, and aesthetics of a building, and cause cracks, distortions, or even collapse. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a proper foundation settlement analysis and reporting before, during, and after construction. In this article, you will learn about the best practices and standards for this process, and how to avoid common pitfalls and errors.
Key takeaways from this article
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Detailed site investigations:
Engage seasoned geotechnical experts to thoroughly examine soil conditions, ensuring foundational integrity. Their expertise is vital to mitigating risks and achieving structural longevity.
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Continuous monitoring:
Implement regular settlement checks during and post-construction. This proactive approach catches issues early, allowing for timely interventions that safeguard building stability.
This summary is powered by AI and these experts
- Serhii Kharchuk Anti-fraud @ Lean Black Belt Six Sigma…
- Ahmed Hassan 🏗️ Geotechnical Engineer | Deep…
1 Soil investigation
Before designing and constructing a foundation, you need to conduct a thorough soil investigation to determine the geotechnical properties and conditions of the site. This includes collecting soil samples, performing laboratory tests, and conducting field tests such as standard penetration test (SPT), cone penetration test (CPT), or pressuremeter test (PMT). The soil investigation should cover the depth and extent of the foundation zone, and identify any potential hazards such as loose or soft soil, organic matter, groundwater, or seismic activity.
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Conduct thorough site investigations, including soil borings, in-situ testing (e.g., SPT, CPT), and laboratory analysis of soil samples. Characterize soil layers, properties, and groundwater conditions to a sufficient depth below the foundation. Follow standards like ASTM D1586 for SPT and ASTM D5778 for CPT. Ensure proper sampling techniques and handling of soil specimens. Consider seasonal variations in soil and groundwater conditions. Identify potential geologic hazards such as expansive soils, liquefiable layers, or karst features. Document all findings in a detailed geotechnical report.
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2 Settlement prediction
Based on the soil investigation data, you need to predict the expected settlement of the foundation under the applied loads and environmental factors. There are different methods and models for settlement prediction, depending on the type and behavior of the soil and the foundation. For example, you can use elastic theory, consolidation theory, or empirical correlations to estimate the settlement of shallow foundations on granular or cohesive soils. You can also use finite element analysis (FEA), numerical methods, or pile load tests to estimate the settlement of deep foundations on complex soil profiles. The settlement prediction should consider both immediate and long-term settlement, and account for factors such as creep, consolidation, swelling, shrinkage, or differential settlement.
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Ensure precise foundation settlement analysis by: 1. Conducting detailed site investigations. 2. Using accurate analysis methods tailored to site conditions. 3. Continuous data collection and monitoring during and after construction. 4. Adhering to industry standards (e.g., ASTM, Eurocode) for reliable reporting. 5. Thorough documentation of methodologies, findings, and mitigation strategies. 6. Engaging experienced geotechnical professionals for accurate assessments.
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Use appropriate analytical or numerical methods based on soil conditions and foundation type. Consider immediate elastic settlement, primary consolidation, and secondary compression. For shallow foundations, apply methods like Schmertmann's method for granular soils or Terzaghi's theory for cohesive soils. For deep foundations, use load transfer methods or finite element analysis. Account for factors such as load distribution, soil stiffness variation, and time-dependent behavior. Validate predictions with empirical correlations where possible. Consider the effects of adjacent structures or excavations on settlement patterns.
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3 Settlement criteria
After predicting the settlement, you need to compare it with the acceptable settlement criteria for the structure and its function. The settlement criteria are usually based on the codes and standards of the relevant authority, such as the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the International Building Code (IBC), or the Eurocode. The settlement criteria specify the allowable total and differential settlement, as well as the tolerable angular distortion, for different types of structures and foundations. For example, the ASCE 7-16 recommends a maximum total settlement of 25 mm and a maximum differential settlement of 19 mm for buildings with light or moderate importance. The settlement criteria should also consider the aesthetic and serviceability aspects of the structure, such as the appearance, functionality, durability, and safety of the elements.
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Establish allowable total and differential settlement limits based on structure type, performance requirements, and local building codes. Reference standards like ASCE 7, IBC, or Eurocode for guidance. Consider both structural integrity and serviceability aspects, such as cracking, drainage, and aesthetics. For example, limit angular distortion to 1/500 for most structures to prevent visible cracking. Set stricter limits for sensitive equipment or precise manufacturing processes. Consider the effects of settlement on utilities and connections to adjacent structures. Adjust criteria based on the importance and expected lifespan of the structure.
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4 Settlement monitoring
During and after construction, you need to monitor the actual settlement of the foundation and compare it with the predicted settlement and the settlement criteria. This can help you to verify the validity of your assumptions and methods, detect any unexpected or excessive settlement, and take corrective actions if necessary. The settlement monitoring can be done by using various instruments and techniques, such as surveying, leveling, inclinometers, extensometers, strain gauges, or settlement plates. The settlement monitoring should be done at regular intervals and at key stages of construction, such as before and after placing loads, removing supports, or applying surcharges. The settlement monitoring should also continue for a sufficient period after construction, until the settlement stabilizes or reaches the design value.
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Implement a comprehensive monitoring program during and after construction. Use appropriate instrumentation such as survey points, inclinometers, extensometers, or settlement plates. Establish measurement frequency and duration based on expected settlement rates and project requirements. Compare actual versus predicted settlement at key stages of construction and loading. Use automated data acquisition systems for real-time monitoring of critical structures. Establish alert levels and action plans for excessive settlement. Continue monitoring for a sufficient period after construction to capture long-term settlement behavior. Regularly calibrate and maintain monitoring equipment for accuracy.
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5 Settlement reporting
Finally, you need to prepare a comprehensive and accurate settlement report that documents and summarizes the results and findings of the settlement analysis and monitoring. This report should include objectives and scope, soil investigation data and methods, settlement prediction methods and models, criteria and standards, monitoring instruments and techniques, monitoring data and graphs, comparison of predicted and actual settlement, conclusions and recommendations for foundation design and performance. Additionally, the report should follow the format of the relevant authority or client, use clear language, tables, figures, references, and highlight any deviations, uncertainties or limitations of the settlement analysis and monitoring. Furthermore, it should suggest any further actions or investigations if needed.
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Prepare a comprehensive report documenting soil conditions, analysis methods, settlement predictions, and monitoring results. Include clear presentation of data through tables, figures, and time-history plots. Discuss any discrepancies between predicted and measured settlement, providing possible explanations. Evaluate the effectiveness of any implemented mitigation measures. Provide conclusions regarding foundation performance and recommendations for any necessary remedial actions. Include a summary of compliance with established settlement criteria. Clearly state any limitations or uncertainties in the analysis and monitoring process. Provide guidance for future monitoring or maintenance requirements.
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6 Here’s what else to consider
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