Warts, verrucas, human papillomavirus infection (2024)

Viral wart — extra information

Infections

Author: Dr Amanda Oakley, Dermatologist, Hamilton, New Zealand, 1996. Updated by Dr Jannet Gomez, Postgraduate student in Clinical Dermatology, Queen Mary University London, UK, December 2016. Updated February 2021 and minor update April 2023.

What is a viral wart?

A viral wart is a very common benign lesion caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Viral warts can be classified by site as being cutaneous or mucosal as the HPV types are quite distinct [see Anogenital wart and Sexually acquired human papillomavirus for further information on mucosal HPV infection]. A cutaneous wart is also called a verruca or papilloma, and warty-looking lesions of any cause may be described as verrucous or papillomatous.

Viral warts

See more images of viral warts.

Who gets cutaneous viral warts?

Warts are particularly common in:

• School-aged children, however they may occur at any age
• Dermatitis, due to a defective skin barrier
• People with drug-induced immunosuppression such as with long-term azathioprine or ciclosporin use, or have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

What causes cutaneous viral warts?

Warts are due to infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a double-stranded DNA virus. There are more than 150 known HPV types, only some of which infect the skin, giving rise to a variety of clinical presentations. Infection begins in the basal layer of the epidermis, causing proliferation of the keratinocytes (skin cells) and hyperkeratosis, and production of infectious virus particles — the wart. The most common HPV types infecting the skin are types 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 27, 29, and 57.

HPV is spread by direct skin-to-skin contact or autoinoculation; if a wart is scratched or picked, a wart may develop under the fingernail (subungual wart) or virus may be spread to another area of skin. Autoinoculation of the virus in a scratch can result in a line of warts (pseudo-koebnerisation) The incubation period can be as long as twelve months, depending on the amount of virus inoculated.

[see Non-sexually acquired human papillomavirus infection]

Autoinoculation of warts

What are the clinical features of viral warts?

Cutaneous viral warts have a hard, keratinous surface. Tiny red or black dots visible in the wart are papillary capillaries.

Common wart

Common warts (verruca vulgaris) present as cauliflower-like papules with a rough, papillomatous and hyperkeratotic surface ranging in size from 1 mm to 1 cm or more. They may be solitary or multiple. Common warts are found most often on the knees, backs of fingers or toes, and around the nails (periungual).

Common warts (verruca vulgaris)

Plantar wart

Plantar warts (verruca plantaris) include tender inwardly growing myrmecia on the sole caused by HPV 1, and clusters of superficial less painful mosaic warts due to HPV 2. Myrmecial warts are typically tender with lateral and direct pressure, are surrounded by yellow hyperkeratotic callus-like skin showing accentuated skin markings, but with discontinuation of the skin lines through the actual wart.

Plantar epidermoid cysts are associated with HPV 60 infection of the eccrine ducts.

Plantar warts, myrmecial type (verruca plantaris)

Plantar warts, mosaic type

Plane wart

Plane warts are typically multiple small flat-topped skin-coloured papules located most commonly on the face, hands, and shins. On the shins and beard-area of the face the virus is often spread by shaving resulting in numerous warts. Plane warts are mostly caused by HPV types 3 and 10.

Plane warts (verruca plana)

Filiform wart

A filiform wart is a cluster of fine fronds emerging from a narrow pedicle base usually found on the face. They are also described as digitate (finger-like).

Filiform and digitate warts

Butcher's wart

Butcher's warts are specifically caused by HPV 7 infecting the hands of butchers and others whose occupation involves chronic exposure to a cold moist environment. They clinically resemble common warts and tend to be numerous.

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare autosomal recessive condition susceptible to skin infection with specific HPV types that cause flat pityriasis versicolor-like lesions and squamous cell carcinoma.

What are the complications of cutaneous viral warts?

• Viral warts are infectious to the patient and others.
• Cutaneous warts can have significant psychosocial effects such as teasing at school, embarrassment, permission refused for swimming lessons.
• Periungual warts can cause nail dystrophy and destruction.
• Pain due to plantar warts (myrmecia type) interferes with walking and sporting activities, causing knee or hip pain.
• In epidermodysplasia verruciformis the specific HPV types involved can cause cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas.

Periungual warts causing nail dystrophy

How is a cutaneous viral wart diagnosed?

Cutaneous viral warts are usually diagnosed clinically. Clinical clues to diagnosis can include:

• Pinpoint red or black dots (papillary capillaries) are revealed when the wart is pared down. Patent capillaries cause pinpoint bleeding. Plantar corns lack the papillary capillaries.
• Location of a plantar wart is not restricted to pressure sites whereas a plantar callus or corn is always at a pressure site.
• Tenderness is maximal with lateral pressure for a plantar wart whereas a corn or callus is more tender with direct pressure.

Dermoscopy assists visualisation of the papillary capillaries of a viral wart, and can distinguish other verrucous lesions such as a seborrhoeic keratosis.

Diagnosis of viral warts

Skin biopsy is sometimes required when squamous cell carcinoma cannot be excluded clinically such as in an organ transplant recipient susceptible to both. [see Verruca vulgaris pathology, Verruca plana pathology]

What is the differential diagnosis of a cutaneous viral wart?

Differential diagnoses for a cutaneous viral wart can include:

• Seborrhoeic keratosis
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Plantar corn and callus.

What is the treatment for viral warts?

Treatment may not be required in all cases as most warts resolve spontaneously especially in children. Indications for active treatment include:

• Immunosuppression
• Presence of complications
• Patient preference.

Treatments do not kill the virus, but work by removing virus-containing skin. Persistence with the treatment and patience is essential! Remember HPV infects the basal cell layer of the epidermis so warts recur rapidly if the virus has not been eradicated.

Topical treatment

Topical treatment includes wart paints, pastes, or patches containing salicylic acid, podophyllin, or similar compounds, which work by removing the surface skin cells.

Topical treatment is applied once daily to the wart. Treatment with wart paint usually makes the wart smaller and less uncomfortable; 70% of warts resolve within twelve weeks of daily applications.

• Soften the wart by soaking in a bath or bowl of hot soapy water.
• Rub the wart surface with a piece of pumice stone or emery board.
• Apply wart paint or paste accurately and include a rim of normal skin.
• Allow the paint to dry before covering with plaster or duct tape.
• Next day remove the old paint and dead surface skin layer with a pumice stone and reapply the paint or paste.

If the wart paint makes the skin sore, stop treatment until the discomfort has settled, then recommence as above.

Cryotherapy

Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen is repeated at one to two–week intervals to cause peeling of the surface layer. It is uncomfortable and results in blistering for several days or weeks. Treatment is required frequently to prevent the wart regrowing between appointments. Success is in the order of 70% after 3–4 months of regular freezing.

A hard freeze using liquid nitrogen might leave a permanent white mark. It can also cause temporary numbness if performed over a superficial nerve such as on the side of a finger.

Treatment of warts

Electrosurgery

Electrosurgery (curettage and cautery) has been used for large and resistant warts. Under local anaesthetic, the growth is pared away and the base burned. The wound heals in two weeks or longer (depending on the site); even then 20% of warts can be expected to recur within a few months. This treatment leaves a permanent scar which can be painful to walk on if located on a pressure site. Recurrent wart in a scar is very hard to treat.

Other treatments

Other treatments for recurrent, resistant or extensive warts include:

• The immune modulator, imiquimod cream - is approved for treating anogenital warts but is usually ineffective for cutaneous warts
• Bleomycin injections
• Pulsed dye laser destruction of feeding blood vessels
• Photodynamic therapy
• Laser vaporisation
• Diphencyprone, dinitrochlorobenzene, or squaric acid to cause localised allergic contact dermatitis over the wart.

How can viral warts be prevented?

Vaccines against human papillomavirus are available to prevent anogenital warts. Anecdotally, these have been reported to result in the clearance of non-genital warts in some people without definite evidence that the vaccine is the cause of remission.

What is the outcome for cutaneous viral warts?

No treatment is universally effective at eradicating viral warts.

In children, even without treatment, 50% of warts disappear within six months, and 90% are gone in 2 years.

Viral warts are more persistent in adults, but they clear up eventually. They are likely to recur in patients that are immunosuppressed, for example, organ transplant recipients. Recurrence is more frequent in tobacco smokers.

Immunity to HPV is likely to be type-specific.

References

• British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of cutaneous warts 2014 – British Association of Dermatologists
• Doorbar J, Egawa N, Griffin H, Kranjec C, Murakami I. Human papillomavirus molecular biology and disease association.Rev Med Virol. 2015;25 Suppl 1(Suppl Suppl 1):2-23. doi:10.1002/rmv.1822. PubMed Central
• Friedman PC. Management of difficult-to-treat warts: traditional and new approaches [published online ahead of print, 2021 Jan 11].Am J Clin Dermatol. 2021;10.1007/s40257-020-00582-4. doi:10.1007/s40257-020-00582-4. PubMed
• Ringin SA. The effectiveness of cutaneous wart resolution with current treatment modalities.J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2020;13(1):24-30. doi:10.4103/JCAS.JCAS_62_19. PubMed Central
• Sterling JC, Gibbs S, Haque Hussain SS, Mohd Mustapa MF, Handfield-Jones SE. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of cutaneous warts 2014. Br J Dermatol. 2014 Oct. 171(4):696-712. PubMed.
• Youn, Sung Hwan, et al. A two-week interval is better than a three-week interval for reducing the recurrence rate of hand-foot viral warts after cryotherapy: a retrospective review of 560 hand-foot viral warts patients. Annals of Dermatology 23.1 (2011): 53-60.
• Wenner R, Askari SK, Cham PM, Kedrowski DA, Liu A, Warshaw EM. Duct tape for the treatment of common warts in adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(3):309-13. doi:10.1001/archderm.143.3.309. PubMed
• Youn SH, Kwon IH, Park EJ, Kim KH, Kim KJ. A two-week interval is better than a three-week interval for reducing the recurrence rate of hand-foot viral warts after cryotherapy: a retrospective review of 560 hand-foot viral warts patients.Ann Dermatol. 2011;23(1):53-60. doi:10.5021/ad.2011.23.1.53. PubMed

On DermNet

• More images of viral warts
• Verruca plana pathology
• Verruca vulgaris pathology
• Viral infections
• Anogenital warts
• Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
• Sexually acquired human papillomavirus
• Non-sexually acquired human papillomavirus infection
• Vaccines against human papillomavirus

Other websites

• Warts— Medline Plus
• New Zealand HPV Project
• Nongenital warts— Medscape Reference
• Plantar Warts (Verrucas)— British Association of Dermatologists
• Nongenital Warts— Medscape Reference
• Plantar Warts— emedicinehealth
• Warts— emedicinehealth
• Patient information: Skin warts (The Basics) — UpToDate (for subscribers)
• Patient information: Skin warts (Beyond the Basics) — UpToDate (for subscribers)
• Warts: Patient Handouts— The Society for Pediatric Dermatology
• Warts— American Academy of Dermatology

Books about skin diseases

• Books about the skin
• Dermatology Made Easy- second edition

Other recommended articles

ADVERTIsem*nT