Use the Linux grep Command (2024)

This article explains how to start using the grep command in Linux®.

What is grep?

See Also

How to Search Files Effectively in the Linux TerminalWhat is the grepl() function in R?grepl() in R | Hyperskill UniversityAI Coding Assistant for Beginners

You use the grep command within a Linux or Unix-based system to perform text searches for a defined criteria of words or strings. grep stands for Globally search for a Regular Expression and Print it out.

grep syntax

The following example shows the basic command structure:

grep 'string' filename(s)

This command searches for and returns any lines of text that contain the given criteria string in filename(s).

Options:

You can add any of the following options individually or in combination to refine your search:

• -i: Prints lines with matching criteria while ignores casing (Upper/Lowecase).
• -l: Prints filenames only.
• -n: Prints lines with matching criteria and line numbers.
• -c: Prints count of lines with matching criteria.
• -v: Prints lines not matching criteria (inverse search).
• -w: Prints whole word matches.
• -A n: Prints n lines after matches.
• -B n: Prints n lines before matches.
• -C n: Prints n lines before and after matches.

Sample grep commands with output

Example: file "example.txt" contains the following 5 lines:

hello worldHello WorldHello WorldsHello Moon321 Goodnight

Basic command: Find and print an exact match for "world"

[root@test ~]# grep world example.txthello world

Use "-i" to ignore case

[root@test ~]# grep -i world example.txthello worldHello WorldHello Worlds

Use "-n" to find and print matches and include line numbers.

[root@test ~]# grep -n Hello example.txt2:Hello World3:Hello Worlds4:Hello Moon

Use "-c" to find and print the number of line matches.

[root@test ~]# grep -c hello example.txt1

Use a combination of "-c" and "-i" to refine the search.

[root@test ~]# grep -ci hello example.txt4

Use "-v" to find and print all inverse (non-matching) lines.

[root@test ~]# grep -v world example.txtHello WorldHello WorldsHello Moon321 Goodnight

Use a combination of "-v" and "-i" to refine the search.

[root@test ~]# grep -vi world example.txtHello Moon321 Goodnight

Use "-w" to find and print whole word matches.

[root@test ~]# grep -w World example.txtHello World

Use "-A n" to find and print the matches along with "n" lines after the match.

[root@test ~]# grep -A 2 Worlds example.txtHello WorldsHello Moon321 Goodnight

Use "-B n" to find and print the matches along with "n" lines before the match.

[root@test ~]# grep -B 2 Goodnight example.txtHello WorldsHello Moon321 Goodnight

Use "CA n" to find and print the match along with "n" lines before and after the match.

[root@test ~]# grep -C 2 Worlds example.txthello worldHello WorldHello WorldsHello Moon321 Goodnight