"The Intelligent Investor" by Benjamin Graham Book Review (2024)

While physicist Sir Isaac Newton is widely viewed as the leading authority on gravity and motion, economist Benjamin Graham, best known for his book “The Intelligent Investor,” is lauded as a top guru of finance and investment. Known as the father of value investing, “The Intelligent Investor: The Definitive Book on Value Investing” is considered one of the most important books on the topic. By evaluating companies with surgical precision, Graham excelled at making money in the stock market without taking big risks.

One of Graham’s key contributions was to point out the irrationality and groupthink that was often rampant in the stock market. Thus, according to Graham, investors should always aim to profit from the whims of the stock market, rather than participate in it. His principles of investing safely and successfully continue to influence investors today.

This article will examine Graham’s early career work, some key concepts related to value investing from “The Intelligent Investor,” and how Graham’s ideas helped inform the successful investing principles of later investors, namely Warren Buffett.

Beginnings of "The Intelligent Investor"

After graduating from Columbia University in 1914, Graham went to work on Wall Street. During his 15-year career, he was able to cultivate a sizable personal nest egg. Unfortunately, Graham, like many others, lost most of his money in the stock market crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression.

Those experiences taught Graham lessons about minimizing downside risk by investing in companies whose shares traded far below the companies’ liquidation value. In simple terms, his goal was to buy a dollar’s worth of assets for $0.50. To do this, he utilizedmarket psychology, using market fears to his advantage. These ideals inspired him to write “Security Analysis,” which was published in 1934 with a co-author, David Dodd. The book was written in the early 1930s, when both authors were professors at Columbia University’s business school. The book chronicles Graham’s methods for analyzing securities.

In “Security Analysis,” Graham’s first task is to help stock market participants distinguish between an investment and speculation. After a thorough analysis, it should be clear that an investment is going to protect the principal and provide an adequate return. Anything that does not meet these criteria is speculation.

Graham also advocated for a different perspective in regards to stock ownership; equity stocks confer part ownership of a business. For Graham, in the short term, the stock market acts like a voting machine, and in the long term, the stock market acts like a weighing machine—so, in the long run, the true value will be reflected in the stock’s price.

Graham’s method focused on determining the value of the operating company behind a stock. “Security Analysis” enumerates several examples where the market undervalued certain out-of-favor stocks that ended up being important opportunities for the savviest investors. These and other concepts, including “margin of safety” and “period of financial distress,” helped to lay the groundwork for Graham’s later work in “The Intelligent Investor” and helped to pioneer some of his pivotal investing concepts.

What You Can Learn From "The Intelligent Investor"

Graham, along with David Dodd, began teaching value investing as an investment approach at Columbia Business School in 1928. In 1949, Graham published “The Intelligent Investor.” Here are some of the key concepts from the book.

Mr. Market

Graham’s favorite allegory was that of Mr. Market. This imaginary person, “Mr. Market,” turns up every day at the stockholder’s office offering to buy or sell his shares at a different price. Sometimes the proposed prices make sense, but other times, the proposed prices are off the mark, given current economic realities.

Individual investors have the power to accept or reject Mr. Market’s offers on any given day, giving them a leg up over those who feel compelled to be invested at all times, regardless of the current valuation of securities. It is most advisable for an investor to concentrate on the real-life performance of their companies and the dividends they receive, rather than paying attention to the changing sentiments of Mr. Market as determining the value of the stocks. An investor is neither right nor wrong if others share the same sentiments as them; only facts and analysis can make them right.

Value Investing

Value investing is deriving the intrinsic value of a common stock independent of itsmarket price. Analyzing a company’s assets, earnings, anddividend payouts can help identify the intrinsic value of a stock, which can then be compared with its market price. If the intrinsic value is more than the market value—in other words, the stock is undervalued in the market—the investor should buy and hold until a mean reversion occurs. The mean reversion theory holds that over time, the market price and the intrinsic price will converge. At this point, the stock price will reflect its true value.

When an investor buys a stock at a price less than its intrinsic value, they are essentially purchasing it at a discount. Once the stock is actually trading at its intrinsic value, they should sell.

Margin of Safety

Graham also advocated for an investing approach that provides a margin of safety—or room for human error—for the investor. There are a couple of ways to accomplish this, but buying undervalued or out-of-favor stocks is the most important. The irrationality of investors, the inability to predict the future, and the fluctuations of the stock market can provide a margin of safety for investors.

Investors can also achieve a margin of safety by diversifying their portfolios and purchasing stocks in companies with highdividend yieldsand lowdebt-to-equity (D/E) ratios. This margin of safety is intended to mitigate the investor’s losses in the event that a company goes bankrupt.

The Benjamin Graham Formula

Typically, Graham only purchased stocks that were trading at two-thirds of their net-net value, as a way of establishing his margin of safety. Net-net value is another value investing technique developed by Graham, where a company is valued based solely on its net current assets.

The original Benjamin Graham Formula for finding the intrinsic value of a stock was:

$\begin{aligned}&\text{V} = \text{EPS} \times ( 8.5 + 2g ) \\&\textbf{where:} \\&\text{EPS} = \text{Trailing 12-month earnings per share} \\&g = \text{Long-term growth rate} \\\end{aligned}$​V=EPS×(8.5+2g)where:EPS=Trailing12-monthearningspershareg=Long-termgrowthrate​

With V representing the intrinsic value of the stock, EPS as the trailing 12-month earnings per share, 8.5 is the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio of a zero-growth company, and g is the company’s long-term growth rate.

Later, Graham revised his formula to include both arisk-free rateof 4.4% (the average yield of high-grade corporate bonds in 1962) and thecurrent yieldonAAA corporate bondsrepresented by the letter Y:

$\begin{aligned}&\text{V} = \frac { \text{EPS} \times ( 8.5 + 2g ) \times 4.4 }{ Y } \\&\textbf{where:} \\&Y = \text{AAA corporate bond yield (in 1962)} \\\end{aligned}$​V=YEPS×(8.5+2g)×4.4​where:Y=AAAcorporatebondyield(in1962)​

Dividend Stocks

Many of Graham’s investment principles are timeless—they remain as relevant today as they were when he penned them. Graham criticized corporations for their obscure and irregular methods of financial reporting that made it difficult for investors to get an accurate picture of the health of a company.

Graham would later write a book about how to interpret financial statements, from balance sheets and income and expense statements to financial ratios. Graham also advocated for companies paying dividends to their shareholders, rather than keeping all of their profits asretained earnings.

"The Intelligent Investor" and Warren Buffett

About “The Intelligent Investor,” legendary investor Warren Buffett—who Graham famously mentored—described it as “by far the best book on investing ever written.” In fact, after reading it at age 19, Buffett enrolled in Columbia Business School to study under Graham, with whom he developed a lifelong friendship. He later worked for Graham at his investment company, Graham-Newman Corp., until Graham retired.

Graham’s students all eventually developed their own strategies and philosophies, but they all shared the main principle of creating a margin of safety.

In general, Buffett follows the principles of value investing, which looks for securities whose prices are unjustifiably low based on their intrinsic worth. Buffett also considers company performance, company debt, profit margins, whether companies are public, how reliant they are on commodities, and how cheap they are.

Buffett’s strategy differs from Graham’s in that he stresses the importance of a business’squality, and he preaches the virtue of holding stocks for the long haul. Buffett doesn’t seekcapital gain. Rather, his goal is ownership in quality companies that are extremely capable of generating earnings; Buffett is not concerned that the stock market ever recognizes a company’s value. Even so, Buffett said that no one ever lost money by following Graham’s methods.

The Bottom Line

Although details of Graham’s specific investments aren’t readily available, he reportedly averaged an approximate 20%annual return over his many years of managing money. His method of buying low-risk stocks with high return potential has made him a true pioneer in the financial analysis space, and many other successful value investors have his methodology to thank.

While he is best known for the books he published in the field of value investing—most notably “The Intelligent Investor”—Graham was also instrumental in drafting elements of the Securities Act of 1933, legislation requiring companies to provide financial statements certified by independent accountants.