SI Units – Temperature (2024)

The kelvin (K) is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380 649 ×10⁻²³ when expressed in the unit J K⁻¹, which is equal to kg m² s⁻² K⁻¹, where the kilogram, meter and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆ν_Cs. The temperature 0 K is commonly referred to as "absolute zero." On the widely used Celsius temperature scale, water freezes at 0 °C and boils at about 100 °C. One Celsius degree is an interval of 1 K, and zero degrees Celsius is 273.15 K. An interval of one Celsius degree corresponds to an interval of 1.8 Fahrenheit degrees on the Fahrenheit temperature scale.

The standard temperature at the triple point of water is provided by a special cell, an evacuated glass cylinder containing pure water. When the cell is cooled enough so that a mantle of ice forms around the reentrant well, the temperature at the interface of solid, liquid, and vapor is 273.16 K. Thermometers to be calibrated are placed in the reentrant well.

Celsius Temperature Poem

Activity: Estimate the Celsius temperature in each scene (ice crystals, tulip flowers, park bench, and swimming pool). Recite and reflect on the Celsius Temperature Poem. Use the hints provided by the poem.

30 °C is hot
20 °C is nice
10 °C is cold
0 °C is ice

Common Temperature Reference Points

Description	Celsius (°C)	Kelvin (K)	Fahrenheit (°F)
Surface of the Sun	5600	5900	10100
Boiling Point of Water	100	373	212
Body Temperature	37	310.2	98.6
Sweltering Day	40	313	104
Hot Day	30	303	86
Room Temperature	20	293	68
Cold Day	10	283	50
Freezing Point of Water	0	273	32

Oven Temperature Equivalences

Description*	°F	°C
Cool	200	90
Very Slow	250	120
Slow	300 to 325	150 to 160
Moderately Slow	325 to 350	160 to 180
Moderate	350 to 375	180 to 190
Moderately Hot	375 to 400	190 to 200
Hot	400 to 450	200 to 230
Very Hot	450 to 500	230 to 260
*These legacy culinary descriptions are provided as a guide for preparing heirloom and vintage recipes, translating the terms into modern oven temperature equivalents. The NIST Metric Kitchen provides additional cooking and baking measurement resources.

Temperature Conversion (Exact)

From	To Fahrenheit	To Celsius	To Kelvin
Fahrenheit (°F)	°F	(°F - 32)/1.8	(°F - 32) / 1.8 + 273.15
Celsius(°C)	(°C * 1.8) + 32	°C	°C+ 273.15
Kelvin (K)	(K - 273.15) *1.8 + 32	K - 273.15	K

Resources for Students and Teachers

SI Base Units Relationship Poster (SP 1247) (NIST) –a colorful poster illustrating the relationships of the International System of Units (SI) derived units with special names and symbols and the seven traditional base units.
SI Units Card Deck (SP 1297) (NIST)– this activity offers a fun way to enhance understanding of the International System of Units, including the defining constants, base units, derived units with special names, and prefixes.
Kelvin: Introduction(NIST) – Temperature is one of the most important and ubiquitous measurements in human life.
How Do You Measure Air Temperature Accurately(NIST HDYMI Series) – For purposes of safety, accuracy and convenience, air temperature is most often measured using electronic thermometers, which detect the changes in the resistance to the flow of electrical current through a metal.
Culinary Temperature(NIST Metric Kitchen) – Food temperature is key to a successful recipe. Explore oven temperature, common cooking temperatures, candy making temperatures, and safe minimum internal temperatures for a variety of foods.
Absolutely Hot(Jason Learning) – Analyze a common chemical reaction. Explore heat and energy and learn how they are measured.
Kelvin Temperatures and Very Cold Things!(NASA) – To keep track of some of the coldest things in the universe, scientists use the Kelvin temperature scale.
Building a Thermometer(GLOBE Program) – Build an instrument to measure water temperature.
Thermometer Model(JavaLab) – A thermometer is a device used to measure temperature. Explore the interactive model. Review thermometers types.
Grow Snow Crystals(NOAA SciJinks) – Use a web application to explore how snowflake crystals take shape depending on the temperature (degree Celsius).
Precipitation Simulator (NOAA SciJinks) – Make it rain and snow using this precipitation simulator by setting the air temperature and dew point (degree Celsius).
Top 10 Tips for Teaching the Metric System(NIST).

League of SI Superheroes – Dr. Kelvin

This comic book-style video animation series has been developed to help middle school students learn about the 7 SI base measurement units. With the ability to speed up or slow down particles, Dr. Kelvin can measure any temperature. The kelvin temperature scale begins at absolute zero, the coldest possible temperature and the point at which even atoms would stand perfectly still.

Navigate to more SI base unit information:

SI Units
Fundamental Physical Constants
Length – meter (m)
Time – second (s)
Amount of substance – mole (mole)
Electric current – ampere (A)
Luminous intensity – candela (cd)
Mass – kilogram (kg)

Resources

Becoming Familiar with SI
Everyday Estimation
U.S. Metrication
U.S. Metrication FAQs
Prefixes
SI Education and Training
SI Publications
Understanding Metric
Writing with SI (Metric) Units
Metric Kitchen
National Metric Week
NEST-R (STEM Registry)
NIST Education Resources