Properties of Alpha, Beta and Gamma Rays - Testbook (2024)

The Nature of Alpha Rays

Alpha rays consist of positively charged particles, essentially energetic helium atoms with two neutrons and two protons. They are highly active and possess the lowest penetration power but the highest ionization power among the three types of radiation. This high ionization power can cause significant damage if alpha particles enter the body. Hence, radioactive substances emitting alpha particles need to be handled cautiously, preferably with protective gloves.

The Characteristics of Beta Rays

Beta particles are essentially very high-energy electrons emitted from the nucleus of the atom. They have a negligible mass and a negative charge. Upon the emission of a beta particle, a neutron in the nucleus splits into a proton and an electron. Beta particles have higher penetration power than alpha particles and can easily penetrate the skin. However, their ionization power is low. Despite this, direct contact with beta particles should be avoided due to their potential harmful effects.

The Properties of Gamma Rays

Gamma rays are waves from the high-frequency end of the electromagnetic spectrum. They don't have mass but possess the highest penetration power among the three types of radiation. Gamma rays are the most penetrating but least ionizing, making them hard to block from entering the body. They can even travel through thick concrete and thin lead.

The following table compares the unique characteristics, masses, and charges of alpha, beta, and gamma rays:

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