Great news for couples: the average length of marriage in Australia has increased for the first time in a decade, to 12.1 years. Yet the latest figures from theAustralian Bureau of Statisticsshow that almost 1 in 3 marriages still end in divorce.
There are a countless number of articles and studies available that are concerned with rising divorce rates – but this focus on the relationships that don’t work tend to overlook an incredibly important fact. If 30% of couples end up separating, that means70% of couples are in a successful marriage that works and is lasting.
Is there a secret to a happy and lasting union? Years of relationship research have inarguably demonstrated that good communication is the absolute cornerstone of a healthy relationship.
DrJohn Gottman is a world-renowned clinical psychologistwho has dedicated the last 45 years to researching the reasons relationships fail or succeed. His work demonstrates that couples who express interest in their partner, are mutually respectful, and commit equally to repairing any damage to their bond are the relationships that endure and thrive.
The Two Major Do’s In Marriage:
Saying I Do: Be Kind
The number one predictor of long-term marital stability and satisfaction is kindness.
This finding is supported by many studies: couples who consistently express appreciation and interest in each other form stronger bonds of intimacy. In contrast, couples who frequently focus on negative aspects of the relationship and neglect their partner’s need for connection are more likely to feel dissatisfied and eventually separate.
Rather than belittling, shaming or dismissing each other’s concerns when conflict arises, couples who show each other kindness ensure that their partner feels respected, validated and most importantly – loved.
Dr John Gottman, along with his wife Dr Julie Gottman, developed a specialist couple’s therapy method that is structured around the concept of mutual positive regard. Juliesums up relationship kindness beautifully:
Kindness doesn’t mean that we don’t express our anger, but the kindness informs how we choose to express the anger.
You can throw spears at your partner.
Or you can explain why you’re hurt and angry, and that’s the kinder path.
Saying I Do: Be Generous
Life is exhausting at times, and relationships can be hard work. After a full day of meeting commitments and fulfilling responsibilities, it can be tempting for couples to seek relaxing distractions to unwind, rather than focusing on each other. When your partner makes a bid for attention and you’re feeling stressed or tired, your choice of response is crucial to the ongoing health of your relationship.
The Gottmans characterise this choice as ‘turning away’ or ‘turning towards’. Turning away is:
- Choosing to ignore your partner
- Showing disinterest
- Being noncommittal in response to them.
When you express interest in your partner’s needs, prioritising your relationship over any desire to tune out, the generosity of turning towards is activated. This enhances intimacy and builds trust, both essential elements of a successful marriage.
The Gottmans’ 14-year study on the importance of generosity in relationships revealed that couples who ended up divorcing turned away, or ignored their partner’s bids for attention 70% of the time.Yet couples who remained happily married responded to their partner’s bids for attention 90% of the time, by generously tuning in with interest to their partner’s needs.
Predictors of divorce: Relationship behaviours to avoid
Gottman has also identified 4 destructive communication behaviours that can increase a couple’s probability of divorcing. His observation of these behaviours in couples that participated in his 1992 studyshowed 94% accuracy in predicting marriage stability.These results have been replicated in subsequent studies as well, with prediction accuracy ranging from 81% to 90%.
By avoiding the behaviours listed below (especially the third one!) couples can significantly increase the likelihood they’ll stay satisfied in their relationship and happily married over time.
Don’t: Criticise
Criticism is our partner’s way of expressing verbal disapproval that takes aim at our perceived shortcomings, our faults. By extension, criticism is often received and felt as an attack on who we are. This can severely undermine trust and intimacy in a marriage by triggering feelings of hurt and defensiveness in the partner being targeted.
“There is no such thing as constructive criticism… all criticism is painful.”
– DrJohn Gottman
Instead of resorting to hostile criticism of one other whenever conflict arises, it’s essential for couples to take responsibility for their own feelings. It sounds like Couples Therapy 101, but replacing accusatory ‘You never/You always’ statements with ‘I wish/I need/I want’ assertions of your feelings, fears, and desires creates an authentic opportunity for constructive dialogue and conflict resolution.
Secure couples are committed to caring for each other, not causing hurt.
Don’t: Be Defensive
When you feel like you’re being attacked, defensiveness is usually the primary instinctual response.Sometimes we’re so absorbed in defending ourselves from a perceived attack that we miss our partner’s attempt at communicating their concerns altogether.
We may be feeling defensive if our partner:
- Criticises us
- Questions our motives or behaviour
- Calls attention to something we’ve done or said
Our reaction to feeling defensive often involves:
- Denying responsibility
- Deflecting responsibility
- Responding to a criticism by raising a complaint of our own
Rather than getting caught in an endless cycle of fighting, take a moment toreallylisten when your partner is voicing their concerns. Take responsibility for your actions if necessary. A genuine apology – and ability to forgive – help couples move through high conflict situations without residual resentment building up and becoming a threat to relationship stability.
Don’t: Show Contempt
Of the thousand of couples who have participated in Gottman’s research over the years, all of the successful long-term relationships have one thing in common:
Happily married couples don’t show contempt for one another.
Criticism, defensiveness and stonewalling were observed inallrelationships to some degree, butcontempt was entirely absentin the relationships Gottman noted as having ‘mastered’ the art of togetherness.
Contempt takes many forms, such as:
- Sarcasm
- Exasperation
- Name-calling
- Non-verbal behaviours like eye-rolling
All of these behaviours show a contemptuous disregard and lack of respect for your partner. Contempt is insidious: it eats away at the foundations of a happy marriage. Contempt erodes trust, respect, and intimacy. Partners who express scorn, disgust or disdain for each other are communicating from a position of perceived superiority over their partner. Yet a sense of equal partnership is essential to marital stability.
The opposite of contempt is admiration and respect. Consciously committing to communicating with your partner in ways that show your caring and love for them is an important predictor of relationship longevity.Building a marriage based on respect and kindness is the most effective way to ensure your relationship’s future.
Don’t: Stonewall
Stonewalling is also known as the demand/withdraw pattern of interaction. One partner distances themselves from the other during conflict, essentially withdrawing from the conversation – and the relationship.
Stonewalling may take the form of:
- Unresponsive silence
- Physically exiting the shared space
- Responding with one-word answers or grunts to attempts at conversation
- Suddenly occupying themselves with a task to avoid any interaction with their partner
This form of avoidance can be incredibly frustrating and upsetting for the partner who is trying to communicate their concerns. The stonewalling partner often reacts with silence during conflict because they’re feeling furious or overwhelmed, and they figure ‘no reaction’ is better than engaging in a fight. Yet stonewalling actually conveys distance, disapproval and a complete lack of respect for one’s partner.If left unchecked, this behaviour often results in the other partner initiating separation.
Gottman’s research suggests that the antidote to stonewalling is agreeing to take a break if either you or your partner are feeling overwhelmed by emotion. When tempers flare our fight or flight response kicks in, flooding the body with the stress hormones adrenaline and cortisol. Let your partner know you need to pause, and both take 20 minutes to do something distracting and relaxing. After 20 minutes, you most likely will have returned to a calm physical resting state, and be in a much better mind frame to discuss whatever’s between you.
One final thought on Marriage
It’s important to bear in mind that these behaviours occur in all relationships – even the happy and stable ones!The difference is that these behaviours are less frequent in successful marriages. When they do crop up, those partners are able to repair the damage caused by being generously forgiving of each other’s vulnerabilities, and kind to one another in the recovery and repair phase.
If you and your partner find yourself struggling to find ways to communicate effectively with each other,specialist marriage counsellingcan help you to develop relationship strategies that ensure your union is fulfilling, happy and lasting.
Relationship longevity research resources:
Carrere, S., & Gottman, J. M. (1999). Predicting divorce among newlyweds from the first three minutes of a marital conflict discussion.Family Process,38(3), 293-301.
Costa-Ramalho, S., Marques-Pinto, A., Ribeiro, M. T., & Pereira, C. R. (2015). Savouring positive events in couple life: Impacts on relationship quality and dyadicadjustment.Family Science,6(1), 170-180.
Domingue, R., & Mollen, D. (2009). Attachment and conflict communication in adult romantic relationships.Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,26(5), 678-696.
Gottman, J. M. (2014).What predicts divorce? The relationship between marital processes and marital outcomes. Psychology Press.
Jordan, J. V., & Carlson, J. (2014).Creating connection: A relational-cultural approach with couples. Routledge.
Meunier, V., & Baker, W. (2012). Positive couple relationships: The evidence for long-lasting relationship satisfaction and happiness. InPositive Relationships(pp. 73-89). Springer Netherlands.
Schrodt, P., Witt, P. L., & Shimkowski, J. R. (2014). A meta-analytical review of the demand/withdraw pattern of interaction and its associations with individual, relational, and communicative outcomes.Communication Monographs,81(1), 28-58.
Lavy, S., Littman-Ovadia, H., & Bareli, Y. (2016). My better half: Strengths endorsem*nt and deployment in married couples.Journal of Family Issues,37(12), 1730-1745.
