What Is Net Premium?
Net premium, an insurance industry accounting term, is calculated as the expected present value (PV) of an insurance policy’s benefits, minus the expected PV of future premiums. The net premium calculation does not take into account future expenses associated with maintaining the insurance policy.
Net premiums, along with gross premiums, help an insurance company to determine how much it owes in state taxes.
Key Takeaways
- Net premium is an insurance industry accounting term.
- The formula to arrive at the net premium is the expected present value (PV) of an insurance policy’s benefits minus the expected PV of future premiums.
- Net premium and gross premium are useful in calculating the amount of state taxes an insurance company needs to pay.
- Some states' tax laws allow insurance companies to reduce the amount of their taxable gross premium by adding back expenses.
Understanding Net Premium
An insurance policy's net premium value differs from the policy’s gross premium value, which does take into account future expenses. The calculated difference between net premium and gross premium equals the expected PV of expense loadings, minus the expected PV of future expenses. Thus, a policy’s gross value will be less than its net value when the value of future expenses is less than the PV of those expense loadings.
Some states' tax laws may allow insurance companies to reduce their gross premium by accounting for expenses and unearned premiums.
Net Premium Tax Laws
Because the net premium calculation does not take into account expenses, companies must determine how much expense they can add without causing a loss. Types of expenses that a company must account for include commissions paid to agents who sell the policies, legal expenses associated with settlements, salaries, taxes, clerical costs, and other general expenses.
Commissions typically vary with the policy’s premium, but general and legal expenses may not be tied to the premium.
Estimating Allowable Added-Back Expenses
To estimate allowed expenses, a company can add a fixed amount of expenses to the net premium (called flat loading), add a percentage of the premium, or add a combination of a fixed amount and a percentage of the premium.
When comparing policies with different net premiums, adding a fixed amount will lead to the same proportion of expenses to premiums as long as expenses do vary by proportion to the premium. Determining which method to use depends on the general and legal expenses associated with the policy, as they relate to commissions on the premium.
Most policy calculations leave a margin for contingencies, such as when the money made from investing the premiums turns out to be less than expected.
Importance of Net Premium
Net premiums and gross premiumsare helpful in figuring out how much an insurance company owes in taxes. State insurance departments oftentaxinsurance companies' income. Tax laws, however, may allow companies to reduce theirgross premium by figuring inexpenses andunearned premiums. Insurers in the United Kingdom use an annual premium equivalent (APE)calculation to determine their premium revenue.
For example, if the state of Ohio imposes a tax on gross premiums written by Ohio insurance companies, but the tax does not apply to amounts deducted for reinsurance, it also won'tapply to gross premiums not earned because the insurance company or policyholder canceled a policy before it expired.
Who Pays Net Premium?
Policyholders pay the insurance premiums. The pricing is based on them being either individuals or part of a group. The premiums paid are the costs associated with purchasing insurance for an individual or business.
What Is the Difference Between Net Premiums and Net Premiums Earned?
Net premiums include written premiums with commissions and ceded reinsurance deducted. It is a measure of the dollar amount of policies written. Net premiums earned is the measure of actual dollars received from premiums sold.
What Is a Premium Tax Credit?
A premium tax credit (PTC) is a credit available to families that helps them pay for premiums for health insurance bought through the Health Insurance Marketplace. It is a refundable credit.
The Bottom Line
Net premiums are an essential metric for insurance companies to determine how much they owe in taxes in order to be compliant with tax law. Utilizing both net premiums and gross premiums allows an insurance company to better manage its accounting.
