Mining & Mineral Exploration: Steps & Approach (2024)

In the dynamic landscape of South Africa’s mining industry, innovating mineral exploration stands as a beacon of progress and sustainability, with Pan African Resources (PAR) being at the forefront of this initiative mainly around its existing mining rights areas in South Africa and in new frontiers, such as in the Republic of Sudan, where PAR is one of two international companies conducting exploration programs. This article delves into the transformative approaches shaping mineral exploration in South Africa, a country rich in mineral wealth and mining heritage, with a special focus on PAR’s pioneering strategies. We will explore how modern exploration techniques not only bolster investment opportunities but align with stringent Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) standards. This dual focus on innovation and sustainability is redefining the future of mining exploration, offering a promising outlook for investors and stakeholders committed to responsible mining practices.

TLDR

• Mineral Exploration Overview: Mining exploration combines geoscience and technology to identify and evaluate potential mineral orebodies. Once a potential site is discovered and mineralization is proven to be of sufficient quantity to be economically extracted, funding can be allocated through existing resources or capital raised to develop a new mine.
• Prospecting: The first stage in the exploration process, prospecting, involves data analysis of rock formations and field investigations and sampling to identify potential mineralization areas.
• Benefits of Mining Exploration: Essential for economic development, job creation, and sustainable resource management, providing valuable data for mining investments.
• Exploration Process Steps: Includes desktop research, field mapping, geophysical surveys, geochemical testing, drilling, resource estimation, feasibility studies, and addressing depleting ore bodies.
• Advanced Techniques in Mining Prospecting: PAR invests in innovative technologies like drone surveys, seismic methods, and 3D mapping to enhance exploration accuracy and efficiency.
• Mining Exploration Rules: Governed by local and international regulations, with PAR ensuring compliance and navigating local political landscapes effectively.
• Exploration and the Environment: Focuses on land rehabilitation and water management, adhering to South Africa’s National Environmental Management Act and National Water Act.
• Exploration and the Community: PAR engages with local communities, focusing on enterprise development, community support, and effective landholder engagement.
• The Future of Mining and Exploration: PAR emphasizes innovation and organic growth, integrating advanced technologies for sustainable mining practices.

Table of Contents

1. Understanding Mineral Exploration
   1. What is Mineral Exploration?
   2. Prospecting
   3. What’s Involved in Mineral Exploration?
   4. Benefits of Mineral Exploration
2. The Mineral Exploration Process: How it’s done
3. Mineral Exploration Rules
4. Exploration and the Environment
   1. Land Rehabilitation
   2. Water
5. Exploration and the Community
   1. Landholders
6. The Future of Mining and Exploration
7. Frequently Asked Questions

Prospecting is the first stage of exploration process and is defined by small-scale activities aimed at discovering areas or land where minerals or ore are contained, and its potential to be exploited through mineral exploration and mining operations.

It starts with a review phase, where experts analyze existing data about the rock formations, such as its age, genesis, chemical, and physical properties due to different rock types containing various metals. For instance, certain rocks are more likely to contain gold or other precious metal deposits, while others might be richer in industrial minerals like iron ore, coal, or dolomite. This initial review is crucial in determining whether the area has the potential for specific types of mineralization and ore deposits.

If the findings from the initial prospecting phase are promising, the more detailed process of mining exploration and a more focused phase of field investigations begins. More advanced and costly methods, like diamond drilling, are employed to gather information from deeper underground once initial results indicate a high degree of prospectivity. The results from these drilling programmes determine whether to continue the exploration or refocus efforts on the most promising segments. If the findings from this phase are unsuccessful, the area is more than likely abandoned.

The journey from initial discovery to the commencement of mine planning often spans decades, with the majority of prospecting projects not resulting in the discovery of ore. In South Africa in particular, prospecting is a critical process in identifying new mining opportunities, contributing to the country’s reputation as a global mining powerhouse. Mineral exploration in geology requires a keen understanding of geological formations and a strategic approach to uncovering potential mineral-rich areas.

Mineral exploration offers a number of important benefits:

• Economic Viability: Mineral exploration is essential for the success of mining operations, as it helps identify mineral deposits with economic potential. This process investigates or assesses the financial viability of mining ventures, enabling efficient resource extraction and revenue generation.

• Resource Identification: Through exploration activities, geologists can locate and assess ore deposits based on their unique properties such as density, magnetism, or electrical conductivity. This information is crucial for determining the availability and quantity of valuable minerals.

• Job Creation: Mineral exploration and mining sectors offer significant economic opportunities, including job creation. These industries provide employment opportunities in mines and related fields and contribute to local and regional economies and communities.

• Resource Sustainability: Sustainable resource enhancement through exploration is crucial for ensuring a continuous supply of essential minerals, which are vital for various industries and societal growth. It helps to locate, manage, and preserve these valuable resources for future generations.

The mineral exploration process is a complex and systematic approach that involves several key steps, often referred to as the stages of mineral exploration. Each step is crucial in determining the potential of a site for mineral extraction. Here is a more comprehensive breakdown of the process:

Step 1: Desktop Research and Data Analysis

Before any physical exploration begins, extensive research and data analysis are conducted by experienced teams of geoscientists. This involves reviewing existing geological data, maps, and reports to identify areas with potential mineral deposits.

Step 2: Field Mapping and Sampling

Once the preliminary research is complete, field investigation begins. This typically involves collecting small samples from rock surfaces and mapping the geology of the region, gaining insights into the types and structures of rocks present, which can indicate the presence of minerals.

Step 3: Geophysical Surveys

Alongside this, geophysical measurements and analyses are conducted to gather subsurface data without drilling and are usually carried out on the ground by personnel with specialized instruments or from the air using low-flying aircraft to guide the exploration. Techniques like magnetic, electromagnetic, and seismic surveys help create a picture of the geological structures beneath the surface, aiding in identifying potential orebodies at depth. The aim is to direct the efforts towards the most promising areas.

Step 4: Geochemical Testing

Geochemical testing involves analyzing the chemical composition of rock, soil, and water samples collected during field mapping. This helps in identifying anomalies that could indicate the presence of mineral deposits.

Step 5: Drilling

Drilling is a more invasive and definitive method of exploration as it provides direct information about the mineralization of the area by extracting core samples from deep underground for analysis.

Step 6: Resource Estimation

Based on the data gathered from drilling and other methods, geologists estimate the size, grade, and tonnage of the mineral resource. This is crucial for assessing the economic viability of the potential mining project.

Step 7: Feasibility Studies

Feasibility studies are conducted to evaluate the technical, economic, environmental, and legal aspects of the potential mining project. This includes assessing the methods of extraction, processing, and the impact on the environment and local communities.

Step 8: Addressing Depleting Ore Bodies

A significant concern in mineral exploration is the depletion of ore bodies. Pan African Resources (PAR) addresses this by investing in advanced exploration techniques to identify new ore bodies or extensions to its current mining areas. This includes the use of drone technology, seismic methods, and 3D mapping and geological modelling, providing an edge in discovering new mineral deposits.

Advanced Techniques in Mining Prospecting

Pan African Resources (PAR) is at the forefront of incorporating advanced technologies in prospecting in its mining areas. The company invests in innovative methods such as drone technology for aerial surveys, seismic methods for detailed subsurface imaging, and 3D geological modeling. These technologies enhance the accuracy and efficiency of mineral exploration, making the discovery of new ore bodies possible and improving the sustainability of its existing mining operations.

By following these steps and integrating advanced technologies, PAR not only facilitates the discovery of new mineral resources but also addresses the challenge of depleting ore bodies, thereby contributing to the sustainability and growth of its mining operations.

Mineral exploration is governed by a set of rules and regulations that vary depending on the geographical location of the exploration activities. These rules are often set by local and national authorities, such as the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy in South Africa, and are designed to ensure that exploration activities are conducted responsibly, safely, and sustainably.

Local geopolitics can significantly impact mining exploration activities. Political instability, regulatory frameworks, and the local community’s attitude towards mining are key factors that can influence the success of exploration projects. Pan African Resources navigates this landscape by actively engaging with local communities and local governments, understanding their concerns, and working collaboratively to address them. The company also stays abreast of political developments and adjusts its strategies accordingly to mitigate risks associated with political changes.

PAR ensures compliance with local laws by adhering to the guidelines and requirements set by local mining authorities, as outlined in the Minerals Act and its prospecting and mining rights agreements. In addition to local compliance, the company is committed to following international ethical standards and practices in exploration. This includes respecting human rights, minimizing environmental impact, and conducting business with integrity and transparency. PAR’s commitment to ethical practices not only aligns with global standards but also enhances its reputation and fosters trust among stakeholders.

Land rehabilitation is a critical component of responsible mineral exploration. In South Africa, the legal framework governing land rehabilitation is outlined in the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA). NEMA provides guidelines and regulations to ensure that any land disturbed by mining activities is rehabilitated to its original state or to a condition that is environmentally acceptable.

The process of land rehabilitation involves restoring the land to a state where it can support its previous land use or a new, sustainable land use. This includes soil stabilization, re-vegetation, and ensuring the land is safe for future use. The goal is to mitigate any adverse environmental impacts caused by exploration activities, such as soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and habitat destruction. Compliance reports are submitted annually and are subject to ad-hoc inspections by government regulators.

Water management is another crucial aspect of environmental stewardship in mineral exploration. The National Water Act of South Africa governs the use, allocation, and conservation of water resources. This Act ensures that water resources are protected, used, developed, conserved, managed, and controlled in a sustainable and equitable manner.

In the context of mineral exploration, water management involves ensuring that exploration activities do not contaminate water sources, deplete water resources, or disrupt natural water systems. Companies are required to implement measures to prevent water pollution, manage water usage efficiently, and ensure that any water used during exploration activities is treated and disposed of responsibly and as stipulated by NEMA.

PAR demonstrates a strong commitment to community engagement and relations, a key aspect of its mining operations. As aforementioned, the company regularly conducts community engagement forums and meetings with local municipality representatives, ensuring open communication channels and addressing any concerns related to their projects. This approach not only fosters good relations but also ensures that community grievances are formally addressed and resolved in a timely manner.

In addition to community engagement, PAR places significant emphasis on enterprise and supplier development. This strategy is aimed at stimulating economic growth within local communities by focusing on local procurement and supplier development. By investing in these areas, the company not only reduces operational costs but also creates job opportunities, contributing to the economic well-being of the communities where they operate.

A notable example of this commitment is evident in Evander, where PAR supported a local community member in developing her clothing manufacturing business. This initiative not only provided training opportunities to local women to enhance their sewing skills but also aligned with the company’s broader goals of supporting local enterprise development. This effort is part of a comprehensive strategy to provide ongoing training and support infrastructure, demonstrating the company’s dedication to empowering local communities and fostering sustainable development. These local suppliers are then incorporated into the mine supply chain, with the local sewing company making overalls for miners working underground.

PAR is charting a course toward a future where innovation and organic growth through exploration are central to its strategy. Embracing cutting-edge technologies and exploration techniques, PAR is committed to enhancing the life of its mining operations, reducing environmental impact, and ensuring workforce safety. This innovative approach extends beyond technology adoption, integrating advancements into all operational facets to optimize exploration and maximize asset value sustainably.

As the mining landscape evolves, PAR’s dedication to innovation positions it as a leader in sustainable mining practices. The company’s strategic focus on exploring and developing existing properties to create maximum value for all stakeholders exemplifies its commitment to responsible and efficient mining. By staying ahead in innovation and exploration, PAR is poised to continue its trajectory of success, shaping the future of the mining industry with sustainable and forward-thinking practices. This underscores the importance of mineral exploration, which is critical for discovering new resources, enhancing existing operations, and ensuring the long-term viability of the mining sector.

What is mineral exploration?

The mineral exploration process is a complex and systematic approach that involves several key steps, often referred to as the stages of mineral exploration. This process encompasses a diverse set of activities aimed at discovering subsurface mineral deposits, including geological mapping, geophysical and geochemical surveys, and exploratory drilling to gather crucial data. Each step is crucial in determining the potential of a site for mineral extraction. If these investigations indicate that minerals can be commercially extracted, the site may advance to mining development. However, it is noteworthy that only a small fraction of exploration projects—less than one percent—transition to actual mining operations, highlighting the high-risk nature of the exploration phase. Here is a more comprehensive breakdown of the process:

What do you do in the mineral exploration process?

In mineral exploration, various activities are undertaken to discover and evaluate potential mining sites. This includes geological mapping, geochemical analysis, geophysical surveys, and exploratory drilling. Geologists and exploration teams analyze rock samples, study the area’s geology, and use advanced technologies to identify the presence and concentration of minerals. The goal is to gather enough data to determine whether a site has enough mineral resources to warrant mining.

What is exploitation in mining?

Exploitation in mining refers to the process of extracting valuable minerals from the earth after a viable orebody has been discovered and evaluated. This phase involves the actual mining operations, including drilling, blasting, and hauling of the ore to processing facilities.

How long does mining exploration take?

Mining exploration can take anywhere from several years to decades. The duration depends on factors such as the complexity of the geological environment, regulatory approvals, funding, and the results of ongoing exploration activities.