What Is a Market Index?
A market index is a hypotheticalportfolioof investment holdings that represents a segment of the financial market. The calculation of the index value comes from the prices of the underlying holdings. Some indexes have values based on market-cap weighting, revenue weighting, float weighting, and fundamental weighting. Weighting is a method of adjusting the individual impact of items in an index.
Investors follow different market indexesto gauge market movements. The three most popular stock indexes for tracking the performance of the U.S. market are the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), , and Nasdaq Composite Index. In the bond market, Bloomberg is a leading provider of market indexes with the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index serving as one of the most popular proxies for U.S. bonds. Investors cannot invest directly in an index, so these portfolios are used broadly as benchmarks or for developing index funds.
Key Takeaways
- Market indexes provide a broad representative portfolio of investment holdings.
- Methodologies for constructing individual indexes vary but nearly all calculations are based on weighted average mathematics.
- Indexes are used as benchmarks to gauge the movement and performance of market segments.
- Investors use indexes as a basis for portfolio or passive index investing.
Understanding a Market Index
A market index measures the value of a portfolio of holdings with specific market characteristics. Each index has its own methodology which is calculated and maintained by the index provider. Index methodologies will typically be weighted by either price or market cap.
A wide variety of investors use market indexes for following the financial markets and managing their investment portfolios. Indexes are deeply entrenched in the investment management business with funds using them as benchmarks for performance comparisons and managers using them as the basis for creating investable index funds.
Types of Market Indexes
Each individual index has its own method for calculating the index’s value. Weighted average mathematics is primarily the basis for index calculations as values are derived from a weighted average calculation of the value of the total portfolio.
As such, price-weighted indexes will be more greatly impacted by changes in holdings with the highest price, while market capitalization-weighted indexes will be most greatly impacted by changes in the largest stocks, and so on, depending on the weighting characteristics.
Market Indexes As Benchmarks
As a hypothetical portfolio of holdings, indexes act as benchmark comparisons for a variety of purposes across the financial markets. As mentioned, the Dow Jones, S&P 500, and Nasdaq Composite are three popular U.S. indexes.
These three indexes include the 30 largest stocks in the U.S. by market cap, the 500 largest stocks, and all of the stocks on the Nasdaq exchange, respectively. Since they include some of the most significant U.S. stocks, these benchmarks—or market proxies can be a good representation of the overall U.S. stock market.
Other indexes have more specific characteristics that create a more narrowly targeted market focus. For example, indexes can represent micro-sectors or maturity in the case of fixed income. Indexes can also be created to represent a geographic segment of the market such as those that track the emerging markets or stocks in the United Kingdom and Europe. The FTSE 100 is an example of such an index.
Investors may choose to build a portfolio with diversified exposure to several indexes or individual holdings from a variety of indexes. They may also use benchmark values and performance to follow investments by segment. Some investors will allocate their investment portfolios based on the returns or expected returns of certain segments. Further, a specific index may act as a benchmark for a portfolio or a mutual fund.
Index Funds
Institutional fund managers use benchmarks as a proxy for a fund’s individual performance. Each fund has a benchmark discussed in its prospectus and provided in its performance reporting, thus offering transparency to investors. Fund benchmarks can also be used to evaluate the compensation and performance of fund managers.
1884
The year theDow JonesRailroad Average, a precursor to the Dow Jones Industrial Average, was published by Charles Dow. The average was composed of nine railway companies, a steamship company, and Western Union.
Institutional fund managers also use indexes as a basis for creating index funds. Individual investors cannot invest in an index without buying each of the individual holdings, which is generally too expensive from a trading perspective.
Therefore, index funds are offered as a low-cost way for investors to invest in a comprehensive index portfolio, gaining exposure to a specific market segment of their choosing. Index funds use an index replication strategy that buys and holds all of the constituents in an index. Some management and trading costs are still included in the fund’s expense ratio, but the costs are much lower than fees for an actively managed fund.
Examples of Market Indexes
Some of the market’s leading indexes include:
- S&P 500
- Dow Jones Industrial Average
- Nasdaq Composite
- S&P 100
- Russell 1000
- S&P MidCap 400
- Russell Midcap
- Russell 2000
- U.S. Aggregate Bond Market
- Global Aggregate Bond Market
Investors often choose to use index investing over individual stock holdings in a diversified portfolio. Investing in a portfolio of index funds can be a good way to optimize returns while balancing risk. For example, investors seeking to build a balanced portfolio of U.S. stocks and bonds could choose to invest 50% of their funds in an S&P 500 ETF and 50% in a U.S. Aggregate Bond Index ETF.
Investors may also choose to use market index funds to invest in emerging growth sectors. Some popular emerging growth indexes and corresponding exchange-traded funds (ETFs) include the following:
- The iShares Global Clean Energy ETF (ICLN), which tracks the S&P Global Clean Energy Index
- The Reality Shares Nasdaq NexGen Economy ETF (BLCN), which tracks the Reality Shares Nasdaq Blockchain Economy Index
- The First Trust Nasdaq Artificial Intelligence and Robotics ETF (ROBT), which tracks the Nasdaq CTA Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Index
What Are the Major Stock Indexes?
In the United States, the three leading stock indexes are the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the S&P 500, and the Nasdaq Composite. For international markets, the Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index and the Nikkei 225 Index are popular proxies for the British and Japanese stock markets, respectively.
Why Are Indexes Useful to Investors?
Indexes provide investors with a simplified snapshot of a large market sector, without having to examine every single asset in that index. For example, it would be impractical for an ordinary investor to study hundreds of different stock prices in order to understand the changing fortunes of different technology companies; however, a sector-wide index like the NASDAQ-100 Technology Sector Index can show the average trend for the sector.
What Is the Most Widely Cited U.S. Stock Index?
The Dow Jones Industrial Average is the oldest U.S. stock index, as well as the most frequently cited one; however, the S&P 500 represents a larger cross-section of the economy.
The Bottom Line
Market indexes are hypothetical portfolios of investment holdings that investors use as an indicator of market movement. There are many different types of market indexes. Market indexes are also used to create index funds, allowing investors to buy a basket of securities rather than picking individual stocks.
