Virtual private networks, or VPNs, are pretty hot ticket services right now. Given the increasing concerns over online user privacy, far more people are looking into these types of services. When it comes to VPNs, two questions we’re often asked at Comparitech are, “Is a VPN legal or illegal?” and “Is a VPN safe to use?“ The simple answer to both of those questions is YES, although there are notable caveats.
First, let’s explore your biggest questions about VPNs. Then, we’ll get into areas of concern that you might want to consider before signing up to any VPN service.
In short: Are VPNs illegal or legal? Are they safe to use?
With but a few exceptions (such as Iran), VPN use is legal everywhere in the world. Furthermore, there are no restrictions in place on how you can use your VPN service. Most VPN services will provide various methods to secure your identity while you’re connected as a way to guarantee you’ll stay safe and anonymous.
While the use of a VPN is perfectly legal, any illegal activity carried out online will remain illegal regardless of whether you use a VPN or not. For example, while a VPN may cover your tracks and keep your activity hidden from your internet provider, torrenting copyrighted material while using a VPN doesn’t make it legal.
Note: Each country has its own legislation concerning VPN usage. While we’ve researched this topic thoroughly, we are not experts in your country’s digital privacy laws. As such nothing we’ve said should be considered legal advice.
The law versus terms and conditions
Many online services block VPN connections or prohibit their use. That doesn’t make it a crime to use a VPN with those services. More likely, you’ll be breaking the terms of use that you agreed to upon first signing up for the service.
Netflix, for example, prohibits the use of location-changing proxies in its terms and conditions. Netflix also blocks most VPN connections. But using a VPN with Netflix won’t land you in jail. Netflix has largely looked the other way from users who insist on using VPNs.
A region-locked service like Netflix could file a civil—not criminal—lawsuit against you for breaching copyright restrictions. But we haven’t seen any precedent of this happening. At worst, we’ve seen accounts suspended or terminated, but even penalties that harsh are quite rare.
How safe are VPNs?
Reputable virtual private networks are extremely safe to use. A good service will protect your anonymity and will include high-level security features that prevent various kinds of hacking attacks. This usually includes military-grade encryption standards that make it functionally impossible for intruders to hack into the private tunnel and track your activity or steal your data. We’ve got a roundup here of some of the best VPN services.
Your internet-connected devices use your ISP’s internet connection to access the VPN’s remote servers. That private tunnel is deeply secure and protected from outside snooping and intrusion by pretty much everyone, including governments. Meanwhile, your browsing and downloading activity passing through that tunnel are impossible to detect beyond how much data is getting uploaded and downloaded. Your ISP may have data limits that apply, but any specific data they may want to track will not register.
While you are in safe hands with a reputable paid VPN provider, free VPNs need to make money somewhere and won’t usually offer the same levels of security as paid services. Worse still, there are fake VPNs in circulation that are an outright scam. Free VPNs often make their money from advertising or even selling your data so be sure to use a free VPN you can trust. You could also opt for using a cheap VPN service but if you only need a VPN for a short period, you can choose a high-quality VPN with a one-month free trial.
Can the VPN server’s ISP track my activity?
Here’s where some users may get concerned. Although connecting to a VPN server hides your activity from your ISP, the ISP delivering internet to your VPN service can still see your internet activity when you’re connected there.
VPNs have three primary safeguards in place for customers to help mitigate this situation.
- No-logs policy. This is perhaps the number one best solution VPN services have devised to help secure user anonymity even when monitoring occurs by ISPs. Some VPN services maintain a policy in which they will keep no logs that identify who you are. While they may still keep metadata, that data won’t have any personally identifying information. See our round-up for the lowdown on the best logless VPN services.
- Anonymous payment methods. Some VPN services will not collect your name if you don’t want to give it to them. Instead, they will use an email address for the username, and allow users to signup using secure and anonymous payment methods, like PayPal, prepaid debit cards, or Bitcoin.
- Shared IP addresses. Most reputable VPN services will use shared IP addresses as a way to ensure user anonymity. By assigning the same IP addresses to multiple users connecting in from different locations, the VPN service can effectively anonymize users. Given the IP address is not connected to any one user, it’s effectively impossible for authorities to track activity back to a single person.
What about law enforcement requests?
The methods listed above will also protect individual VPN users from law enforcement requests. If a law enforcement agency or government requests personally-identifying user information from logs or accounts, a VPN service can’t comply if that data doesn’t exist.
And if the law enforcement agency decides to try to issue an order to that VPN service to start tracking logs, most reputable services would sooner shut down their servers or the service altogether than comply. Nevertheless, it is still possible that a VPN service may comply with law enforcement requests, and in situations where the VPN service does not maintain a strict no-logs policy, user data is fairly easy to obtain with a simple warrant.
If I can hide my activity with a VPN, is it legal to use one?
Yes! VPNs are legal to use almost everywhere, even in many countries where manyVPNs are blocked, such as China. There are good reasons for this as well.
First of all, not all VPN use is for illegal activities. In fact, a good amount of VPN traffic is business-related. Businesses and business customers often need to connect to VPNs as a security measure.
For those who want to use a VPN for privacy-related reasons, VPNs are a good option. While it is true that VPNs can be used to hide illegal browsing and downloading activities, that type of use is fully dependent on the user and not the VPN company. A government that seeks to make VPN use illegal would have to consider how this move might impact businesses that use VPNs for legitimate purposes, and how similar actions would apply to other types of businesses.
Making VPNs illegal because some individuals use them for illegal purposes would also mean that drug companies conceivably could be held liable for illegal drug sales, gun shops held liable for criminal activity, or garden supply stores held liable when someone makes a bomb using fertilizer. Declaring VPNs illegal, in essence, would be a slippery slope for any government.
In much the same way, anyone can also use a normal internet connection for illegal purposes. You are unlikely to see internet access get banned due to some users choosing to misuse the internet.
However, there are some countries where a good amount of VPN use is banned. The more obvious suspects come into view here, of course. In Iran, for example, VPN use is considered illegal. The country very purposefully blocks VPN use as part of its wider internet censorship methods. Meanwhile, in the UAE, VPN use is possibly illegal, although the law is a bit unclear. While no one has been prosecuted in the UAE for VPN use, one UAE law enforcement official states that VPN use is illegal if used to make VoIP calls. The UAE’s restrictions on VoIP are unique to that country and were created to insulate the country’s telecoms from cheaper competition.
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In China, VPN issues are a bit more complex. In early 2017, the country made it illegal for VPN services to operate without a license. Users, however, are not at risk of legal consequences for using a VPN, although China does do a fair amount of VPN blocking within its borders to minimize how many individuals are accessing the free web. Most media outlets misreported China’s recent VPN law updates.
Torrenting and copyright issues
While using your VPN is still legal, it’s important to note that some activity is still illegal. Torrenting copyrighted material, or downloading and streaming copyrighted material in general, is still an illegal activity. Many VPN users will turn to a VPN to help remain anonymous so that they can effectively engage in illegal or legally gray area streaming activities.
A VPN service will hide copyright infringement activities, but it won’t protect users who are caught even after using a VPN service. Many services will, however, maintain no-log policies and IP leak protection to help prevent situations where user identity might be compromised. You can see some of the most popular VPNs for torrenting here and read more about the related legal issues.
What is a VPN? How does it work?
For the average user, what’s actually happening when you connect to a virtual private network can be confusing at best, and downright suspicious at worst. You may be using the VPN service to keep prying eyes away from your web activity, but what’s going on under the hood? How do you know the service itself is trustworthy?
VPNs have been around for decades. Long the mainstay for banks and large corporations to help connect employees spread out across the country, virtual private networks are essentially private tunnels between your computer and a server located somewhere else.
Connecting to the internet without a VPN
When you connect to the internet, you are gaining access directly through an Internet Service Provider’s (ISP’s) Network Access Point. This is the technology that all ISPs own and maintain that grants you access to the World Wide Web. When you do so, the ISP assigns an IP address to any device you use to connect to the modem it provides to you. In most cases, the IP address you are given by your ISP belongs to that modem alone.
When you connect a router to your modem, that router can then assign local IP addresses, all of which fall under the main router. So even then, although different devices may have different local IP addresses, your ISP sees all of this traffic coming through the IP address assigned to your modem.
Generally, your ISP can see all of your internet activity when you’re connected to its network. Although most ISPs have certain safeguards in place to ensure that its network security professionals do not snoop on your activity and steal any private information, it’s certainly possible for them to do so. Security measures, such as SSL encryption and authentication, do exist on most secured websites to ensure that even your ISP can’t see everything you do. These secure websites are denoted by an “https” at the beginning of your web browser’s URL bar, often along with a green padlock icon.
In this manner, you need not worry about some wayward ISP employee stealing your passwords, for example. Overall, what you do, and what websites you visit, are easily tracked by your ISP. Some activity may trip certain protocols your ISP has in place and trigger alerts. This can include accessing sites that are illegal in your country or engaging in heavy download and upload activities.
Connecting to the internet with a VPN
When you connect to a virtual private network, you’re routing your computer’s connection through a server located somewhere else first. You then access the internet from that server. When you do this, the remote server you’ve connected to assigns you a new IP address. Throughout this effort, you are still connected to your home ISP, and the data transmissions are heavily encrypted (usually either SSL or AES encryption). However, when you’re connected to the VPN server, the aforementioned layers of protection mean that your ISP cannot see what you’re doing, beyond identifying how much data is being uploaded and downloaded.
It’s also important to understand that the remote server you’re connected to may be accessing the internet through a different ISP than your own. For example, if you’re a Washington D.C. resident using Comcast, and you connect to a VPN server located in New York, you might start noticing advertisem*nts for Giants tickets on websites you visit instead of ads for Redskins games.
Is this a problem? Not at all! The VPN service you’re using is paying the ISP for internet connectivity to that server. Any and all traffic passing through there, including your own, is just part of the deal.
FAQs about VPNs being legal
Is streaming with a VPN illegal?
The short answer is no. Streaming with a VPN is not illegal. Streaming itself may be subject to copyright laws, but using a VPN to stream content does not violate any laws in and of itself. Many people use VPNs for streaming services like Netflix, Hulu, and others. Not only does it provide an extra layer of security and privacy, but it also allows you to access geo-blocked content from around the world.
Are VPNs legal in Russia?
Yes, VPNs are legal in Russia. While the Russian government has taken a stance against some types of freedom of expression on the internet, including blocking certain websites and services, VPNs are not illegal as long as they don’t facilitate illegal activities like copyright infringement or cybercrime.
