Introduction to Storage (2024)

Introduction to Storage

The VMware vSphere storage architecture consists of layers of abstraction that hide and manage the complexity and differences of physical storage subsystems, shown in Storage Architecture.

Storage Architecture

How Virtual Machines Access Storage

Virtual machines use virtual disks for their operating system, application software, and other data files. Avirtual disk is stored as a VMDK file on a datastore. The virtual disk hides the physical storage layer from the virtual machine’s operating system. Regardless of the type of storage device that your host uses, the virtual disk always appears to the virtual machine as a local SCSI device. As a result, you can run operating systems that are not certified for specific storage equipment, such as SAN, in the virtual machine.

When a virtual machine communicates with its virtual disk stored on a datastore, it issues SCSI commands. Because datastores can exist on different types of physical storage, these commands are encapsulated into other forms, depending on the protocol that the ESX/ESXi host uses to connect to the physical storage device.

To the applications and guest operating systems running on each virtual machine, the storage subsystem appears as a virtual SCSI controller connected to one or more virtual SCSI disks as shown in the top half of Storage Architecture. These controllers are the only types of SCSI controllers that a virtual machine can see and access, and include the objects that extend VirtualSCSIController:

■	ParaVirtualSCSIController

■	VirtualBusLogicController

■	VirtualLsiLogicController

■	VirtualLsiLogicSASController

How precisely a virtual machine accesses storage depends on the setup of the host. Storage API Architecture gives an overview of the different possibilities.

Storage API Architecture

Datastores

A datastore is a manageable storage entity, usually used as a repository for virtual machine files including log files, scripts, configuration files, virtual disks, and so on. vSphere supports two types of datastores, VMFS and NAS.

■	If you want to use a NAS volume, mount it using CreateNasDatastore and unmount it using RemoveDatastore. The two commands are host specific, you must invoke the create and remove methods on each host on which you want to mount or unmount the datastore.

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To create a VMFS datastore, call CreateVmfsDatastore, passing in any existing disk. As a result of the call, the disk is formatted with VMFS and the datastore is automounted on all ESX/ESXi hosts on which the disk is visible the next time you perform a rescan. When you call RemoveDatastore on a VMFS datastore, the datastore is destroyed. After a rescan, the datastore is no longer available to any ESX/ESXi systems. In contrast to NAS datastores, you do not have to invoke methods for creation and removal of the datastore on each host.

An ESX/ESXi host automatically discovers the VMFS volume on attached Logical Unit Numbers (LUNs) on startup and after re-scanning the host bus adapter. When you create a VMFS datastore, the datastore label is based on the VMFS volume label. If there is a conflict with an existing datastore, the label is made unique by appending a suffix. The VMFS volume label remains unchanged.

Destroying a VMFS datastore removes the partitions that compose the VMFS volume.

Datastores can span multiple physical storage devices. A single VMFS volume can contain one or more LUNs from a local SCSI disk array on a physical host, a Fibre Channel SAN disk farm, or iSCSI SAN disk farm. The ESX/ESXi system detects new LUNS that are added to any of the physical storage subsystems. When the user queries for a list of available devices, the newly discovered devices are included. You can extend storage capacity on an existing VMFS volume without powering down physical hosts or storage subsystems.

If any of the LUNs within a VMFS volume fails or becomes unavailable, only virtual machines with data on that LUN are affected. An exception is the LUN that has the first extent of the spanned volume (multi-extent volume). All other virtual machines with virtual disks residing on other LUNs continue to function normally.