How To Invest in Mutual Funds - NerdWallet (2024)

Mutual funds are the bedrock of many investment accounts, especially retirement accounts like 401(k)s. Investing in mutual funds is popular in part because they're a relatively hands-off way to invest in many different assets at once — within a single mutual fund, you could gain exposure to hundreds of stocks, bonds or other investments.

Mutual funds are an especially common investment for investors who don't want to pick and choose individual investments themselves but want to benefit from the stock market's historically high average annual returns.

How to invest in mutual funds

If you're ready to invest in mutual funds, here is our step-by-step guide on how to buy them.

1. Decide whether you want to invest in active or passive funds

Your first choice is perhaps the biggest: Do you want to beat the market or try to mimic it? It's also a fairly easy choice: One approach costs more than the other, often without delivering better results.

Actively managed funds are managed by professionals who research what's out there and buy with an eye toward beating the market. While some fund managers might achieve this in the short term, it has proved difficult to outperform the market over the long term and on a regular basis.

Passive investing is a more hands-off approach and is rising in popularity, thanks in large part to the ease of the process and the results it can deliver. Passive investing often entails fewer fees than active investing. Many passive investors choose index funds or ETFs, which are similar to mutual funds but aren't professionally managed. This often means they carry lower fees.

2. Calculate your investing budget

Thinking about your budget in two ways can help determine how to proceed:

How much do mutual funds cost? One appealing thing about mutual funds is that once you meet the minimum investment amount, you can often choose how much money you’d like to invest. Many mutual fund minimums range from $500 to $3,000, though some are in the $100 range and there are a few that have a $0 minimum. So if you choose a fund with a $100 minimum and you invest that amount, afterward you may be able to opt to contribute as much or as little as you want. If you choose a fund with a $0 minimum, you could invest in a mutual fund for as little as $1.

Aside from the required initial investment, ask yourself how much money you have to comfortably invest and then choose an amount.

Which mutual funds should you invest in? Maybe you’ve decided to invest in mutual funds. But what initial mix of funds is right for you?

Generally speaking, the closer you are to retirement age, the more holdings in conservative investments you may want to have — younger investors typically have more time to ride out riskier assets and the inevitable downturns that happen in the market. One kind of mutual fund takes the guesswork out of the “what's my mix” question: target-date funds, which automatically reallocate your asset mix as you age.

3. Decide where to buy mutual funds

You need a brokerage account when investing in stocks, but you have a few options with mutual funds. If you contribute to an employer-sponsored retirement account, such as a 401(k), there’s a good chance you’re already invested in mutual funds.

You could buy directly from the company that created the fund, such as Vanguard or BlackRock, but doing so will limit your choice of funds. You can also work with a traditional financial advisor to purchase funds, but it may incur some additional fees.

Most investors opt to buy mutual funds through an online brokerage, many of which offer a broad selection of funds across a range of fund companies. If you go with a broker, you'll want to consider:

4. Understand mutual fund fees

Whether you choose active or passive funds, a company will charge an annual fee for fund management and other costs of running the fund, expressed as a percentage of the cash you invest and known as the expense ratio. For example, a fund with a 1% expense ratio will cost you $10 for every $1,000 you invest.

A fund’s expense ratio isn’t always easy to identify upfront (you may have to dig through a fund’s prospectus to find it), but it's well worth the effort to understand, because these fees can eat into your returns over time.

Mutual funds come in different structures that can impact costs:

Whether or not funds carry commissions is expressed by “loads,” such as:

5. Manage your mutual fund portfolio

Once you determine the mutual funds you want to buy, you'll want to think about how to manage your investment.

One move would be to rebalance your portfolio once a year, with the goal of keeping it in line with your diversification plan. For example, if one slice of your investments had great gains and now constitutes a bigger share of the pie, you might consider selling off some of the gains and investing in another slice to regain balance.

Sticking to your plan also will keep you from chasing performance. This is a risk for fund investors (and stock pickers) who want to get in on a fund after reading how well it did last year. But "past performance is no guarantee of future performance" is an investing cliche for a reason. It doesn't mean you should just stay put in a fund for life, but chasing performance almost never works out.