In this article:
- Revolving Accounts (Credit Cards)
- Installment Loans
- Negative Items
- What Are the Credit Scoring Factors?
The daily financial decisions you make can either help or harm your credit. For example, when you pay your loan or credit card bills on time, you establish a positive repayment history that will build your credit. On the other hand, making late payments or carrying large credit card balances can damage your credit.
Paying off debt accounts is a huge accomplishment that can also impact your credit, but how long does it take to have an effect? The answer depends on the type of debt in question, the specifics of your credit portfolio and when the creditor reports the account's status to the credit bureaus.
There's no guarantee that paying off debt will help your scores, and doing so can actually cause scores to dip temporarily at first. In general, however, you could see an improvement in your credit as soon as one or two months after you pay off the debt. Here's what to expect as you pay off debt.
Revolving Accounts (Credit Cards)
A credit card is a form of revolving credit, meaning money can be re-borrowed as it's paid back, and there's no end term. When you have an active revolving credit account, your balance plays a major role in your credit utilization ratio, which influences as much as 30% of your FICO® Score☉ .
Your credit utilization ratio measures how much of your available credit you're using at any given time. For example, if you have one credit card that has a balance of $1,000 and a credit limit of $2,000, your credit utilization rate is 50%. Credit scoring models look at how much of your available credit you're using both on individual cards and in total across all of your accounts.
There's no magic number to aim for, but generally a credit utilization above 30% can drag down your credit score. Keeping your utilization below that rate can help you improve your credit. Those with the highest credit scores tend to have credit utilization rates in the low single digits, according to Experian data.
When you pay off a credit card balance and keep the account open, you're doing yourself a huge favor as far as your credit is concerned because you've reduced the amount of available credit you're using. This boost from paying off an account can be seen on your credit report quickly; lenders usually report account activity at the end of the billing cycle, so it could take 30 to 45 days for it to impact your credit report.
If you're tempted to close the account, however, remember that you'd be giving up that line of available credit. If you carry balances on other cards, closing a credit card may increase your credit utilization rate, which can lead to lower credit scores. For that reason, you'll typically get more benefit from keeping a paid-off account open, unless the temptation to rack up charges is too high or you're paying an annual fee that doesn't work with your budget.
Installment Loans
Installment loans, such as mortgages or auto loans, have a set term with fixed monthly payments. Unlike a revolving credit account, once the borrower makes the final monthly payment, the account is closed. Another contrast to revolving credit is that zeroing out your balance on an installment loan may not have much of a benefit to your credit—in fact, it may actually cause your scores to drop.
For some, paying off a loan won't affect credit scores much at all. For others, it may cause a temporary drop. This can happen if it was your only installment loan, since having a mix of different types of accounts helps your score, and losing your one installment account can bring it down slightly. Additionally, if it was your only account with a low balance, paying it off can hurt your score if the other active accounts are a long way from being paid off.
Fortunately, any dips are usually temporary. Once the installment loan is paid off, your credit score should go back to where it was within one or two months. If your score doesn't shoot up after paying off the loan, don't despair: The paid-off loan will remain on your credit report for up to 10 years after the account closes. If your account was in good standing, having this positive history on your credit file can help your credit score in the long run.
Negative Items
Just as responsible spending and debt repayment can benefit your credit for years to come, negative items on your credit report can hurt your score. Most negative items stay on your credit report for seven years, but others can last a decade. Here's what to expect:
- Late or missed payments: When a significantly late payment on a loan or line of credit is reported to the credit bureaus, it can stay on your report for up to seven years.
- Collections: Debt that's past due enough that it's sent to collections will be noted on your credit report and remain there for seven years. Collection accounts can have a significant negative impact on your score.
- Bankruptcy: Filing for bankruptcy can significantly hurt your credit score, and for a long time. Chapter 13 bankruptcy remains on credit reports for seven years, while Chapter 7 bankruptcy sticks around for 10 years.
- Other negative marks: Credit reporting agencies can also report foreclosures, repossessions and debt settlements for up to seven years since these all indicate that credit wasn't paid back as agreed.
What Are the Credit Scoring Factors?
As you pay off and consider closing debt accounts, it's prudent to understand how your credit score is calculated and how your actions will impact it.
These are the top credit scoring factors to be aware of:
- Payment history: The most important factor, accounting for 35% of your FICO® Score, reflects whether you pay your bills on time. Missing even one payment can hurt your score; paying bills on time helps it.
- Amounts owed: Accounting for 30% of your FICO score, this factor indicates how much you owe on loans as well as your credit utilization rate on lines of credits. Keeping your utilization rate below 30% can benefit your credit.
- Credit history: The age of your accounts determines 15% of your score. The longer you've had credit accounts in good standing, the better, so it could be worthwhile to keep old credit card accounts open even if you don't use them often.
- Credit mix: The diversity of your credit accounts is less important, accounting for 10% of your score, but it can make a difference. For example, if you've only had installment loans (such as student loans or auto loans), opening a credit card account can improve your credit mix. That doesn't mean you should open a new account solely for this purpose, however.
- New credit: Whenever you apply for a new loan or line of credit, a hard inquiry goes on your credit report and can temporarily lower your score. Approximately 10% of your credit score factors in how many new accounts you've recently opened and how many hard inquiries you have, since an increase in those activities can make you look risky to lenders.
If you haven't reviewed your credit score or report in a while, it's worth a look to assess how each of these credit score risk factors affect you personally.
The Bottom Line
When you check your credit score once, you can see where you stand currently with each of these factors. That helps, but it's even more beneficial to monitor your credit, which you can do for free with Experian, to get an ongoing look at how your financial behaviors shape your credit score. If your score needs improvement, remember the factors that impact your credit the most and try to make adjustments accordingly. When you know how your credit score works and you put in the effort to improve it, watching it rise over time will improve your financial wellness and leave you with a sense of gratification.
Learn More About Credit Score Updates
- How Often Is My Credit Score Updated?
Credit scores can change frequently, reflecting continual updates to your credit files at the national credit bureaus. - What Is a Rapid Rescore?
Mortgage lenders use rapid rescoring to have new payment information added to your credit reports quickly—potentially increasing your credit score. - How Often Is a Credit Report Updated?
Lenders and other data reporters typically update credit information at the national credit bureaus (Experian, TransUnion and Equifax) once each month. - When Does My Credit Score Change?
A credit score is calculated when a lender requests it. Scores are based on credit reports, which are updated when new information is sent to the bureaus.
