Last updated on Mar 16, 2024
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Choose a secure storage option
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Use short expiration times
3
Use token revocation and blacklisting
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4
Use HTTPS and secure headers
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Use libraries and frameworks
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Here’s what else to consider
JWT tokens are a popular way to authenticate and authorize users in web applications. They are compact, self-contained, and stateless, meaning they can be easily transmitted and verified without relying on a server-side session. However, JWT tokens also pose some security challenges, especially in front-end applications where they are exposed to the browser. In this article, you will learn how to secure JWT tokens in your front-end applications by following some best practices and using some tools and libraries.
Key takeaways from this article
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Implement secure storage strategies:
Safeguard your JWT tokens by selecting the correct storage option and then securing it with methods like Content-Security-Policy for XSS and sameSite cookies for CSRF.
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Specify signing algorithms:
To prevent unauthorized access, explicitly set the list of accepted signing algorithms for your JWT tokens, including avoiding the insecure 'NONE' algorithm.
This summary is powered by AI and these experts
- Qian Wan Software Engineer
- Christopher Hoult Working with SMEs, Start-Ups and…
1 Choose a secure storage option
One of the most important decisions you have to make is where to store your JWT tokens in the browser. There are three common options: local storage, session storage, and cookies. Each one has its pros and cons, but none of them is completely safe from attacks. Local storage and session storage are vulnerable to cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks, where malicious scripts can access and steal your tokens. Cookies are vulnerable to cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attacks, where malicious requests can use your tokens without your consent. To mitigate these risks, you should choose a storage option that suits your use case, use secure and http-only flags for cookies, and implement anti-CSRF measures.
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- Qian Wan Software Engineer
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Yes choosing a secure storage is important. But you don't want people to think local storage or cookies are insecure because of XSS and CSRF attacks. There are many types of mitigation here ranging from using CSP for XSS, sameSite cookies, a server validation for CSRF. Also, we're missing one of the more popular techniques, which is to store it in MEMORY and pair it with some refresh token mechanism in cookies. In the end, your objective is not to choose a secure storage option to start, but to choose the right type of storage and THEN SECURE IT.
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- Hatem Soliman Frontend Engineer | UI/UX Design | Digital Marketing | Teacher
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As a software developer, it's vital to understand the specific security requirements & context of the application being developed. While selecting a secure storage option for JWT tokens is crucial, it's equally important to implement a multi-layered security approach, including input validation, authentication, & authorization mechanisms. Regular security audits are necessary to identify & address vulnerabilities, alongside staying updated with security best practices & emerging threats. Educating users about security measures such as logging out, avoiding suspicious links, and keeping devices up to date can also mitigate risks. By considering these aspects, developers can enhance application security & protect sensitive data effectively.
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2 Use short expiration times
Another way to secure your JWT tokens is to use short expiration times. This means that your tokens will become invalid after a certain period of time, reducing the window of opportunity for attackers to use them. You can set the expiration time in the payload of your JWT token, using the exp claim. The value of the exp claim should be a numeric date in seconds since the epoch. For example, if you want your token to expire in 15 minutes, you can set the exp claim to the current time plus 900 seconds. However, using short expiration times also means that you have to refresh your tokens more often, which can affect the user experience and the performance of your application.
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3 Use token revocation and blacklisting
Sometimes, you may need to invalidate your JWT tokens before they expire. For example, if a user logs out, changes their password, or reports a security breach, you want to revoke their tokens and prevent them from being used again. However, JWT tokens are stateless, meaning that they do not depend on a server-side session or database to check their validity. Therefore, you need to implement a token revocation and blacklisting mechanism in your application. This can be done by using a separate storage, such as a database or a cache, to keep track of the tokens that have been revoked or blacklisted. Then, you need to check this storage every time you verify a token, and reject it if it is on the list.
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4 Use HTTPS and secure headers
Another essential aspect of securing your JWT tokens is to use HTTPS and secure headers. HTTPS is a protocol that encrypts the communication between your browser and your server, preventing anyone from intercepting or tampering with your data. Secure headers are additional information that you can send with your requests and responses, to instruct the browser how to handle your data. For example, you can use the Content-Security-Policy header to restrict the sources of scripts, styles, and images that can be loaded on your page, reducing the risk of XSS attacks. You can also use the Strict-Transport-Security header to enforce HTTPS on your site, preventing downgrade attacks.
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5 Use libraries and frameworks
The last tip to secure your JWT tokens is to use libraries and frameworks that can help you with the implementation and management of your tokens. There are many libraries and frameworks available for different languages and platforms, that can handle the creation, verification, storage, refreshment, and revocation of your tokens. For example, if you are using React as your front-end framework, you can use react-jwt-auth or react-redux-jwt-auth to integrate JWT authentication in your application. These libraries provide components, hooks, actions, reducers, and middleware that can simplify your code and handle the token logic for you.
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6 Here’s what else to consider
This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?
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- Christopher Hoult Working with SMEs, Start-Ups and Scale-Ups to scale their tech
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Make sure you make the list of accepted signing algorithms explicit.NONE is a valid algo, and will let an attacker breeze right through...
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