Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) - Definition, Types of FDI, FDI in India. UPSC Economy (2024)

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an investment made by a company or an individual in one country into business interests located in another country. FDI is an important driver of economic growth. This is an important topic for the Indian economy segment of the UPSC syllabus.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Any investment from an individual or firm that is located in a foreign country into a country is called Foreign Direct Investment.

• Generally, FDI is when a foreign entity acquires ownership or controlling stake in the shares of a company in one country, or establishes businesses there.
• It is different from foreign portfolio investment where the foreign entity merely buys equity shares of a company.
• In FDI, the foreign entity has a say in the day-to-day operations of the company.
• FDI is not just the inflow of money, but also the inflow of technology, knowledge, skills and expertise/know-how.
• It is a major source of non-debt financial resources for the economic development of a country.
• FDI generally takes place in an economy which has the prospect of growth and also a skilled workforce.
• FDI has developed radically as a major form of international capital transfer since the last many years.
• The advantages of FDI are not evenly distributed. It depends on the host country’s systems and infrastructure.
• The determinants of FDI in host countries are:
  • Policy framework
  • Rules with respect to entry and operations/functioning (mergers/acquisitions and competition)
  • Political, economic and social stability
  • Treatment standards of foreign affiliates
  • International agreements
  • Trade policy (tariff and non-tariff barriers)
  • Privatisation policy

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India – Latest update

1. From April to August 2020, total Foreign Direct Investment inflow of USD 35.73 billion was received. It is the highest ever for the first 5 months of a financial year. FDI inflow has increased despite Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth contracted 23.9% in the first quarter (April-June 2020).
2. FDI received in the first 5 months of 2020-21 (USD 35.73 billion) is 13% higher as compared to the first five months of 2019-20 (USD 31.60 billion).

FDI in India

The investment climate in India has improved tremendously since 1991 when the government opened up the economy and initiated the LPG strategies.

• The improvement in this regard is commonly attributed to the easing of FDI norms.
• Many sectors have opened up for foreign investment partially or wholly since the economic liberalization of the country.
• Currently, India ranks in the list of the top 100 countries in ease of doing business.
• In 2019, India was among the top ten receivers of FDI, totalling $49 billion inflows, as per a UN report. This is a 16% increase from 2018.
• In February 2020, the DPIIT notifies policy to allow 100% FDI in insurance intermediaries.
• In April 2020, the DPIIT came out with a new rule, which stated that the entity of nay company that shares a land border with India or where the beneficial owner of investment into India is situated in or is a citizen of such a country can invest only under the Government route. In other words, such entities can only invest following the approval of the Government of India
• In early 2020, the government decided to sell a 100% stake in the national airline’s Air India. Find more about this in the video below:

FDI Routes in India

There are three routes through which FDI flows into India. They are described in the following table:

Automatic Route FDI

In the automatic route, the foreign entity does not require the prior approval of the government or the RBI.

Examples:

• Medical devices: up to 100%
• Thermal power: up to 100%
• Services under Civil Aviation Services such as Maintenance & Repair Organizations
• Insurance: up to 49%
• Infrastructure company in the securities market: up to 49%
• Ports and shipping
• Railway infrastructure
• Pension: up to 49%
• Power exchanges: up to 49%
• Petroleum Refining (By PSUs): up to 49%

Government Route FDI

Under the government route, the foreign entity should compulsorily take the approval of the government. It should file an application through the Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal, which facilitates single-window clearance. This application is then forwarded to the respective ministry or department, which then approves or rejects the application after consultation with the DPIIT.

Examples:

• Broadcasting Content Services: 49%
• Banking & Public sector: 20%
• Food Products Retail Trading: 100%
• Core Investment Company: 100%
• Multi-Brand Retail Trading: 51%
• Mining & Minerals separations of titanium bearing minerals and ores: 100%
• Print Media (publications/printing of scientific and technical magazines/speciality journals/periodicals and a facsimile edition of foreign newspapers): 100%
• Satellite (Establishment and operations): 100%
• Print Media (publishing of newspaper, periodicals and Indian editions of foreign magazines dealing with news & current affairs): 26%

Sectors where FDI is prohibited

There are some sectors where any FDI is completely prohibited. They are:

• Agricultural or Plantation Activities (although there are many exceptions like horticulture, fisheries, tea plantations, Pisciculture, animal husbandry, etc.)
• Atomic Energy Generation
• Nidhi Company
• Lotteries (online, private, government, etc.)
• Investment in Chit Funds
• Trading in TDR’s
• Any Gambling or Betting businesses
• Cigars, Cigarettes, or any related tobacco industry
• Housing and Real Estate (except townships, commercial projects, etc.)

Read more on FDI in retail here.

New FDI Policy

According to the new FDI policy, an entity of a country, which shares a land border with India or where the beneficial owner of investment into India is situated in or is a citizen of any such country, can invest only under the Government route.

A transfer of ownership in an FDI deal that benefits any country that shares a border with India will also need government approval.

Investors from countries not covered by the new policy only have to inform the RBI after a transaction rather than asking for prior permission from the relevant government department.

The earlier FDI policy was limited to allowing only Bangladesh and Pakistan via the government route in all sectors. The revised rule has now brought companies from China under the government route filter.

Benefits of FDI

FDI brings in many advantages to the country. Some of them are discussed below.

1. Brings in financial resources for economic development.
2. Brings in new technologies, skills, knowledge, etc.
3. Generates more employment opportunities for the people.
4. Brings in a more competitive business environment in the country.
5. Improves the quality of products and services in sectors.

Disadvantages of FDI

However, there are also some disadvantages associated with foreign direct investment. Some of them are:

1. It can affect domestic investment, and domestic companies adversely.
2. Small companies in a country may not be able to withstand the onslaught of MNCs in their sector. There is the risk of many domestic firms shutting shop as a result of increased FDI.
3. FDI may also adversely affect the exchange rates of a country.

Government Measures to increase FDI in India

1. Government schemes like production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme in 2020 for electronics manufacturing, have been notified to attract foreign investments.
2. In 2019, the amendment of FDI Policy 2017 by the government, to permit 100% FDI under automatic route in coal mining activities enhanced FDI inflow.
3. FDI in manufacturing was already under the 100% automatic route, however, in 2019, the government clarified that investments in Indian entities engaged in contract manufacturing is also permitted under the 100% automatic route provided it is undertaken through a legitimate contract.
4. Further, the government permitted 26% FDI in digital sectors. The sector has particularly high return capabilities in India as favourable demographics, substantial mobile and internet penetration, massive consumption along technology uptake provides great market opportunity for a foreign investor.
5. Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal (FIFP) is the online single point interface of the Government of India with investors to facilitate FDI. It is administered by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
6. FDI inflow is further expected to increase –
   • as foreign investors have shown interest in the government’s moves to allow private train operations and bid out airports.
   • Valuable sectors such as defence manufacturing where the government enhanced the FDI limit under the automatic route from 49% to 74% in May 2020, is also expected to attract large investments going forward.

Regulatory Framework for FDI in India

In India, there are several laws regulating FDI inflows. They are:

• Companies Act
• Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 and SEBI Regulations
• Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA)
• Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992
• Civil Procedure Code, 1908
• Indian Contract Act, 1872
• Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
• Competition Act, 2002
• Income Tax Act, 1961
• Foreign Direct Investment Policy (FDI Policy)

Important Government Authorities in India concerning FDI

• Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB)
• Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)
• Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
• Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT)
• Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India
• Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
• Income Tax Department
• Several Ministries of the GOI such as Power, Information & Communication, Energy, etc.

Way Forward with FDI

1. FDI is a major driver of economic growth and an important source of non-debt finance for the economic development of India. A robust and easily accessible FDI regime, thus, should be ensured.
2. Economic growth in the post-pandemic period and India’s large market shall continue to attract market-seeking investments to the country.

FDI UPSC Notes:- Download PDF Here