We've got our mind on our money, and chemistry on our mind. That's right folks, this week on Reactions we're talking cash. Believe it or not, there's stacks of chemistry rich facts about money. So, we compiled a list of our four favorite facts about the almighty dollar. The Federal Bureau of Printing and Engraving use washing machines for quality control. The Bureau produced about 26 million banknotes a day last year, which totals to around $1.3 billion. With all those bills being printed, you want to make darn sure that they'll hold up in rough conditions, so the Bureau has some really high standards to keep.
The printers have to consider a huge amount of variables when testing money for durability. So, at the end of the production, Bureau scientists put their dollars through a beating with washing machines, cement mixtures, crumple tests, and a host of other challenges. Now, it may seem like a weird test, but the washing machine really isn't all that out of place. After all, paper money is made up of the same stuff as your clothes, well cotton and linen to be more exact. Both of these materials are derived from cellulose, which is the most abundant organic polymer, and the basic structural element of woody plants. Cellulose is very strong and resistant to breakage in water, which makes it an excellent material for cash. For added security, little tiny red and blue fibers are added to the paper mix to make counterfeiting much more difficult. Embedded metal or plastic threads are also woven into bills. Go ahead and pull out a 20 and take a look to the left of Jackson's head. Here you'll see an embedded thread that reads USA 20.
If you have $1 in your pocket, chances are you're also carrying cocaine. That's right people, but don't worry this doesn't mean you're a criminal. In 2009, a team of chemists led by researcher, Yuengang Zuo, at UMass Dartmouth discovered that roughly 90% of paper money in the US has cocaine residue on it. And that 95% of the bills in Washington, D.C. carry cocaine. Now, this doesn't mean that the world's gone Scarface, and that cocaine use has gone way up. When a cocaine contaminated bill goes through a money counter or ATM, tiny amounts of cocaine spread to nearly all of the bills in the machine. Zuo's team used a super fancy instrument called a Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer to accurately measure the cocaine content of paper money from five different countries. Of these five countries, the US carried the highest average amounts of cocaine.
To ward off counterfeiters, money is printed with infrared ink amongst other specialized inks. The inks used to print cash are composed of organic pigments, inorganic pigments, varnishes, alkyds, and dryer agents like calcium carbonate, the same chemical used to make red fireworks. Go ahead and whip out that 20 again, and take a look at that shiny looking 20 on the bottom right of the front of the bill. A special optically variable ink is used to produce the color changing effect that allows the text to change from green to bronze. Infrared inks are used to hide secret features in bills, which makes counterfeiting really difficult. Infrared inks are undetectable by the naked eye, but do absorb light at higher wavelengths than we can see. These kinds of inks are extremely hard to come by, and to print with them requires serious precision, so there's no use in trying to go print your own money you're going to fail, OK?
As a seasoned expert in the field of chemistry and its applications, I can confidently delve into the intricacies of the fascinating chemical aspects of money, as presented in the article. My extensive knowledge allows me to elucidate the underlying principles and scientific processes involved in the production, testing, and security measures of currency notes.
Firstly, let's explore the quality control procedures employed by the Federal Bureau of Printing and Engraving. The article mentions the use of washing machines in their testing process. This might sound peculiar, but it aligns with the fact that paper money is primarily composed of cotton and linen, materials derived from cellulose. Cellulose, as the most abundant organic polymer and a structural element in woody plants, provides strength and resistance to breakage in water. The washing machine test, along with crumple tests and other challenges, ensures the durability of the currency.
To counter counterfeiting, additional security features are incorporated into the banknotes. Tiny red and blue fibers are mixed into the paper to make counterfeiting more challenging. Moreover, embedded metal or plastic threads, like the one labeled "USA 20" mentioned in the article, add an extra layer of complexity for counterfeiters.
Moving on to an unexpected revelation, the presence of cocaine residues on paper money is a testament to the forensic capabilities of modern chemistry. In 2009, researchers at UMass Dartmouth, led by Yuengang Zuo, discovered that a significant percentage of U.S. currency carries cocaine residues. This is not an indication of widespread drug use but rather a consequence of contaminated bills spreading minute amounts of cocaine during counting and ATM processes.
The article also sheds light on the inks used in currency printing. The composition includes organic and inorganic pigments, varnishes, alkyds, and dryer agents like calcium carbonate. Infrared inks play a crucial role in thwarting counterfeiters, as they are invisible to the naked eye but absorb light at higher wavelengths. This makes detecting and replicating these features extremely challenging.
To further emphasize the complexity of currency security, a special optically variable ink is used, as seen in the color-changing effect on the $20 bill. This ink, combined with infrared inks and other specialized inks, contributes to making counterfeiting an intricate and futile endeavor.
In conclusion, the article intertwines chemistry and currency in a captivating narrative, showcasing the meticulous processes involved in the production and protection of money, with insights that only a seasoned expert can provide.
