Key takeaways
Energy stocks bounced back in 2024’s first half, coming off a year of negative returns in 2023.
The S&P 500 energy sector is only slightly underperforming the broader S&P 500 into mid-July 2024.
2024 energy prices are a mixed bag, with oil prices up while U.S. natural gas prices have dropped.
In 2024, the stock market’s energy sector is off to a solid start, its performance ranking in the top half of S&P 500 sectors. The energy sector’s 13.75% return (through July 18, 2024) still lags that of the index (+17.13%),1 but reflects improved prospects for energy companies in 2024. Energy stocks were particularly strong at the start of 2024, as investors responded favorably to an uptick in oil prices. Oil prices leveled off since, and energy stock performance moderated as well.
How energy stocks respond to price trends
After energy prices peaked in 2022 amid a rapid demand surge as COVID-related shutdowns ended and supply constraints emerged tied to the onset of the Russia-Ukraine war, they’ve declined significantly since. Energy prices often tend to drive the direction of energy stocks. Energy sector performance soared in 2021 and 2022, a response to higher oil prices. But in 2023, oil prices were flat to lower, and energy stocks followed suit. Higher 2024 oil prices likely contributed to the initial boost for energy stocks, but natural gas and heating oil prices continued to decline. Prices for all key energy products remain significantly lower than 2022 peaks.2
The recent energy price slump
| Category | 2022 Peak Price | 2023 End Price | Recent Price | % Change from Peak | % Change Year-to-Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude Oil (barrel) | $123.64 | $71.89 | $83.22 | -32.7% | +15.8% |
| Gasoline (gallon) | $5.01 | $3.12 | $3.50 | -30.1% | +12.2% |
| Natural Gas (mil. Btu) | $9.48 | $2.53 | $2.10 | -78.7% | -17.0% |
| Heating Oil (gallon) | $5.15 | $2.44 | $2.38 | -53.8% | -2.5% |
Category Crude Oil (barrel)
2022 Peak Price $123.64
2023 End Price $71.89
Recent Price $83.22
% Change from Peak -32.7%
% Change Year-to-Date +15.8%
Category Gasoline (gallon)
2022 Peak Price $5.01
2023 End Price $3.12
Recent Price $3.50
% Change from Peak -30.1%
% Change Year-to-Date +12.2%
Category Natural Gas (mil. Btu)
2022 Peak Price $9.48
2023 End Price $2.53
Recent Price $2.10
% Change from Peak -78.7%
% Change Year-to-Date -17.0%
Category Heating Oil (gallon)
2022 Peak Price $5.15
2023 End Price $2.44
Recent Price $2.38
% Change from Peak -53.8%
% Change Year-to-Date -2.5%
All prices published by U.S. Energy Information Administration. Crude Oil price per barrel: West Texas Intermediate (WTI) – Cushing, Oklahoma as of July 15, 2024. Gasoline price per gallon: U.S. Regular All Formulations as of July 15, 2024. Natural Gas price per million BTU: Henry Hub Natural Gas Spot Price as of July 16, 2024. Heating Oil price per gallon: No. 2 Heating Oil Prices: New York Harbor as of July 15, 2024.
While an improved supply-demand balance accounts for the dramatic price drop, “There’s still a tension in the market,” says Rob Haworth, senior investment strategy director at U.S. Bank Wealth Management. “U.S. oil production is high, but OPEC-plus (Organization of Petroleum Exporting) countries are capping output.” Haworth says while oil prices are well down from their 2022 peak, the oil industry remains well positioned. “The key for drilling companies is that the cost of production remains lower than crude oil’s market price. That continues to make the business profitable for well-managed companies.”
How should investors view opportunities in this specialized segment of the market representing a critical part of the global economy?
Role of energy stocks
During the Arab oil embargo and various Middle East conflicts of the 1970s, the energy sector represented approximately 15% of the broader U.S. stock market. Today, it makes up less than 4% of the S&P 500 index.1 “Those numbers might suggest that it is an industry in decline, but energy consumption is up since the 1970s, and the important role energy plays in the broader economy is not diminished,” says Haworth. “From an earnings (profit) perspective, energy stocks play a more prominent role in today's S&P 500 than their index weighting would indicate.”
World oil consumption continues to trend higher with the notable exception of a decline in 2020 as world economies slowed due to the COVID-19 crisis.3
While energy stock performance is somewhat tied to the direction of oil prices, Haworth points out that oil refiners and storage and transportation company earnings are not directly tied to the direction of oil prices. Haworth also points out that about one-third of the S&P 500’s energy sector is composed of natural gas companies, a market where pricing generally moves independent of oil price trends.
A gradually transitioning energy sector
Renewable energy sources, particularly wind and solar, are slowly gaining a foothold in world energy production, but the role of renewables today is dwarfed by other sources. Fossil fuels and nuclear combined make up 70% of all energy production in the U.S., while just less than 30% comes from renewable sources (including wind, solar and hydroelectric power). However, renewables as an energy source have gained nearly 10% of market share in the past year.4
On a worldwide basis, renewables now represent 30% of all electricity production.5 “Alternatives like wind and solar are not a factor in the S&P 500 Energy Index to this point,” says Haworth. “In some cases, they may be represented in other sectors of the market, such as utilities or information technology.”
Efforts are also underway to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by converting fossil fuel-driven automobiles to electric vehicles (EVs), but it is a slow transition. In 2024’s second quarter, EVs accounted for only 8% of U.S. new car sales, though that is up from 7.2% a year earlier.6 However, EVs are experiencing faster growth abroad. More than 20% of cars sold worldwide in 2024 are expected to be electric.7
Recent trends put more pressure on oil stocks
Oil prices at 2024’s outset hovered near $70/barrel. Prices moved above $80/barrel by mid-March 2024 and stayed near that level until dropping below $80/barrel in May. Since then, the price of oil has traded in a narrow range on either side of the $80/barrel mark.2 This occurred despite ongoing tension in the Middle East stemming from the surprise Hamas attack on Israel in October 2023 and Israel’s response with military crackdown on the Gaza Strip. Concerns of a more widespread conflict persist but have yet to materialize. In the meantime, U.S. oil production remains strong. The U.S. is more insulated from oil shocks as it has moved from a net importer to net exporter of oil.8
Haworth says stronger global economies may boost demand for oil. “We’ve seen an uptick in economic activity in Europe, the United Kingdom and Japan, which could put more pressure on existing oil supplies.” Higher demand might result in an oil price increase. Haworth notes major question marks remain about the demand level from the world’s most populous nations, India and China. “These countries face longer-term growth issues which could dampen demand,” says Haworth.
Investment considerations in today’s energy market
Investments in the energy sector today are primarily directed toward more traditional companies that participate in industries like oil and natural gas. While the price of resources such as oil and gas can have an impact on company results and stock performance, “the demand for fossil fuels is not going away in the near term,” says Haworth. He emphasizes that opportunities are available even in a market featuring more stable prices. “Many exploration and production companies have productive oil wells and should be able to generate solid profit margins,” says Haworth. “Since these companies tend to return capital to shareholders in the form of dividend payouts, their stocks represent an opportunity for income-orientated investors.”
“Many exploration and production companies have productive oil wells and should be able to generate solid profit margins,” says Rob Haworth, senior investment strategy director for U.S. Bank Wealth Management. “Since these companies tend to return capital to shareholders in the form of dividend payouts, their stocks represent an opportunity for income-orientated investors.”
Other opportunities can be found in what’s referred to as the midstream energy sector, involved in the transportation of crude oil or refined petroleum products. “This sector is less dependent on energy prices than on the flow of oil, and volume moving through these facilities remains high,” says Haworth. Midstream companies tend to pay attractive dividends. However, the investment process can be more complex as it sometimes requires investments in limited partnerships. Partnerships issue K-1 forms to investors for tax reporting purposes, which can complicate an investor's tax filing process.
Alternative investments, such as renewables like wind and solar, are less visible in the investment markets. Utility companies emphasizing renewable energy sources offer one opportunity to pursue this part of the market. Some manufacturers of wind or solar equipment also offer opportunities, but they are far more limited than more established, traditional energy companies.
Energy stocks will play a modest role for those who invest in an index fund or ETF replicating the S&P 500 Index. Beyond that, consider consulting with your financial professional to determine whether more targeted investments in the energy sector can help you meet your long-term financial goals.
Frequently asked questions
Investors gain modest exposure to the energy sector through investments in an S&P 500 index fund or ETF, though the energy sector today represents less than 4% of the S&P 500 Index.1 Choosing to invest in specific energy stocks or an energy sector fund or ETF offers potential to more directly capitalize on this sector. However, it’s important to recognize that energy stocks can experience significant fluctuations in value. For example, S&P 500 Energy sector gained nearly 55% in 2021 and nearly 66% in 2022 before experiencing a modestly negative return in 2023. Through July 18, 2024, the S&P 500 Energy Index gained 13.75% year-to-date.1 Investors need to be aware of the potential for variable returns in the sector.
Some energy stocks typically perform better when prices rise for underlying commodities such as crude oil and natural gas. In that sense, investors may be in a position to benefit from owning energy stocks during inflationary periods. However, not all energy stocks perform the same. Rob Haworth, senior investment strategy director at U.S. Bank Wealth Management says bottom line results for companies can hold up even if oil prices don’t. “Prices have a major impact on companies that find and produce oil,” says Haworth. “But oil refiners make money from the spread between oil prices and gasoline prices. Storage and transportation company earnings are more affected by the volume and flow of energy.” Haworth also points out that about one-third of the S&P 500’s energy sector is composed of natural gas companies, a market where pricing generally moves independently from oil price trends. Natural gas prices are driven more by domestic supply and demand rather than global market trends.
Though renewables such as solar and wind power are playing a bigger role in the world’s move toward decarbonizing energy generation, investment opportunities may be limited. On a worldwide basis, renewables are playing an increasingly important role, and now represent 30% of all electricity production.5 “Alternatives like wind and solar are not a factor in the S&P 500 Energy Index to this point,” says Rob Haworth, senior investment strategy director at U.S. Bank Wealth Management. Utility companies emphasizing renewable energy sources offer one opportunity to pursue this part of the market. Some manufacturers of wind or solar equipment also offer opportunities, but they are far more limited than more established, traditional energy companies.
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