Do Black-Owned Banks Discriminate Against Black Borrowers? (2024)

Posted: 7 Jul 1998

See all articles by Harold A. Black

Harold A. Black

University of Tennessee, Knoxville - Department of Finance

M. Cary Collins

The University of Tennessee

Ken B. Cyree

University of Mississippi - School of Business Administration

Date Written: February 1996

Abstract

A matched sample of black-owned and white-owned banks is tested for lending discrimination based on race. A simple regulatory model and an enhanced regulatory model are applied to conventional mortgage loan applications in 1992 and 1993. The regulatory model uses readily available data to bank monitoring agencies and is most often used by regulators to test for discrimination. The enhanced regulatory model adds bank performance and portfolio data as well as demographic information about the census tract where the property is located. While both ownership groups are found to possibly discriminate, black-owned banks have significantly higher rejection rates for black applicants. The enhanced model suggests that only black-owned banks use applicant race in the mortgage credit decision when demographic, neighborhood, and bank-specific characteristics are added. In addition, when borrower race is controlled and bank ownership examined, black-owned banks are more likely than white-owned banks to reject similarly situated black applicants. The results provide further evidence of significant weaknesses in examining discrimination in single-equation models.

JEL Classification: G18, G21

Suggested Citation:Suggested Citation

Black, Harold A. and Collins, Mitchell Cary and Cyree, Ken B., Do Black-Owned Banks Discriminate Against Black Borrowers? (February 1996). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=7287

Harold A. Black (Contact Author)

University of Tennessee, Knoxville - Department of Finance ( email )

Knoxville, TN 37996
United States
423-974-1721 (Phone)
423-974-1716 (Fax)

Mitchell Cary Collins

The University of Tennessee ( email )

428 Stokely Management Center
Knoxville, TN 37996
United States

Ken B. Cyree

University of Mississippi - School of Business Administration ( email )

PO Box 3986
Oxford, MS 38677
United States

Do Black-Owned Banks Discriminate Against Black Borrowers? (2024)

FAQs

Do Black-Owned Banks Discriminate Against Black Borrowers? ›

While both ownership groups are found to possibly discriminate, black-owned banks have significantly higher rejection rates for black applicants.

Do Black-owned banks discriminate against black borrowers? ›

There is some evidence that black rejection rates are in fact higher at black-owned banks than at white-owned banks (Black, Collins, and Cyree 1997) . ... Racial disparities persist in the mortgage lending market, as does debate over their causes.

Are banks allowed to discriminate? ›

Discrimination. It's against the law for a bank or building society to discriminate against you, for example, because of your race, sex, disability, religion or sexuality. If you are discriminated against for one of these reasons, you may be able to complain to the Financial Ombudsman Service.

Why are banks not willing to lend to certain borrowers? ›

What are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers? Ans: The banks may not lend certain borrowers due to the following reasons: Banks require some necessary documents and collateral as security against loans, some persons fail to meet these requirements.

Why do we need Black-owned banks? ›

Black Americans have historically been denied lending opportunities, are more likely to be unbanked and are disproportionately charged more in banking fees. But supporting and investing in Black-owned banks can help combat some of the disparities in the banking system that affect the everyday needs of Black Americans.

What is an example of bank discrimination? ›

Discouraged from applying for credit. Encouraged or told to apply for a type of loan that has less favorable terms (for example, a higher interest rate) Hearing the lender making negative comments about race, national origin, age, sex (including sexual orientation or gender identity), or other protected statuses.

What happens when a bank discriminates against you? ›

If you believe a lender discriminated against you, you can submit a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) or with the CFPB online or by calling 1-855-411-CFPB (2372).

Can banks refuse to give you your money? ›

Yes. Your bank may hold the funds according to its funds availability policy. Or it may have placed an exception hold on the deposit. If the bank has placed a hold on the deposit, the bank generally should provide you with […]

What two acts prohibit discrimination against loan applicants? ›

The federal fair lending laws—the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act—prohibit discrimination in credit transactions, including transactions related to residential real estate.

What is bank overt discrimination? ›

There is overt evidence of discrimination when a lender openly discriminates on a prohibited basis. Example: A lender offered a credit card with a limit of up to $750 for applicants aged 21-30 and $1500 for applicants over 30. This policy violated the ECOA's prohibition on discrimination based on age.

How do banks decide who to lend to? ›

In addition to the credit report, lenders may also use a credit score that is a numeric value – usually between 300 and 850 – based on the information contained in your credit report. The credit score serves as a risk indicator for the lender based on your credit history.

Why you shouldn't borrow money from the bank? ›

It can damage your credit rating if you don't pay your bills. If you fall behind on your bills, you may not be able to borrow more money when you need it or you may have to pay a higher rate.

Why do banks refuse to give loans? ›

High Debt-to-Income Ratio:

The debt-to-income ratio compares your monthly debt payments to your income. A high debt-to-income ratio signals to lenders that you may be overleveraged, making it challenging to take on additional debt responsibly.

Who is the largest Black-owned bank? ›

OneUnited is the largest Black-owned bank in the U.S. It is also FDIC insured and initially launched in 1968. How do I find out if my bank is Black owned? Call and ask.

What two Black-owned banks merged? ›

Merge To Create Largest Black-Owned Bank in America. In an exciting development in the world of finance, two of the country's leading Black-owned banks — City First Bank and Broadway Financial Corp. — have finalized efforts to merge as City First Broadway.

What is the oldest Black-owned bank? ›

The first Black-owned bank was the True Reformers Bank, which was chartered in 1888 by Rev. William Washington Browne, but which didn't open until 1889. The first Black-owned bank to officially open was Capital Savings Bank in October of 1888.

Is it harder to get a loan if you're black? ›

Specifically, nearly 1 in 4 mortgage applications made by Black people are denied, compared with 1 in 10 for white borrowers. That's according to federal data from the 2023 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, compiled recently by Zillow. There are stark consequences of this disparity.

Why do people get blacklisted from banks? ›

Basics of Blacklisting: Blacklisting frequently results from poor money management, loan defaults, or a history of late payments. These bad ratings are reported to credit reference organisations, which lowers your credit score and makes it harder for you to get loans and even bank accounts.

What pattern of discrimination denies ethnic minorities from acquiring a bank loan? ›

Denying financial services to residents of certain neighborhoods due to race or ethnicity is commonly called redlining. The discriminatory practice of redlining made it impossible for many members of racial and ethnic minority groups to qualify for mortgages.

What prevents banks from discriminating against minorities when giving home loans? ›

The Fair Housing Act makes it illegal to discriminate against someone because of race, color, religion, sex (including gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, and sexual harassment), familial status, national origin or disability at any stage of the mortgage process, including: Approvals and denials.

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