Created Equal: Slavery and the Declaration of Independence - WashU Libraries (2024)

Created Equal: Slavery and the Declaration of Independence - WashU Libraries (1)
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John M. Olin Library, Level 1, Declaration of Independence Chamber

Though the Declaration of Independence states all men are created equal, one-fifth of the population were enslaved people, and one-third of the Declaration’s signers were personally enslavers. The final document does not mention slavery and, through its silence, condones enslavement, but the first draft includes a condemnation of slavery. These words, removed before it was finalized, underscored the contradiction between the founding fathers’ beliefs and actions.

Created Equal: Slavery and the Declaration of Independence - WashU Libraries (2)

For decades, the inherent hypocrisy of claiming equality while so many were enslaved and mistreated continued to appear in subsequent laws and documents. This so-called equality created systemic and widespread inequality for enslaved people and other marginalized groups.

We uphold the Declaration as a monument of freedom and progress; it is crucial, however, to acknowledge the tension between the ideals found in historical documents and the lived experience of Americans. The Created Equal exhibition looks at historical documents like the Declaration of Independence to elaborate on the narratives told by and with them.

This exhibition was organized by the Curator of the Rare Book Collection, Cassie Brand. Exhibitions showcased in the Declaration of Independence Case are open during the same hours as the Declaration of Independence exhibition. See the Declaration of Independence page for more on the Created Equal exhibition and the Southwick Broadside.

Created Equal: Slavery and the Declaration of Independence - WashU Libraries (2024)

FAQs

How did the Declaration of Independence create equality? ›

The Declaration stated, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” The nature of the political regime was then shaped by this idea of natural human ...

What did the Declaration of Independence say about slavery? ›

The final document does not mention slavery and, through its silence, condones enslavement, but the first draft includes a condemnation of slavery. These words, removed before it was finalized, underscored the contradiction between the founding fathers' beliefs and actions.

What did the Declaration of Independence do for African Americans? ›

The Declaration of Independence promised liberty for all men but did not end slavery; and even though they were great fighters, the Continental Congress did not allow black soldiers to join the army.

Who were the signers of the Declaration of Independence who owned slaves? ›

Thomas Jenifer, Charles Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Rutledge, Richard Dobbs Spaight, and George Washington. It is also known that Benjamin Franklin enslaved people.

What contradictions do you see between the ideas in the Declaration of Independence and slavery? ›

What contradictions do you see between the ideas in the Declaration of Independence and slavery, which existed in America at the time? Q&L: Students should point out that slavery contradicted all men being equal and having unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Are created equal or equally? ›

Equal is an adjective and modifies a noun. Equally is an adverb and modifies a verb. If the verb is used as a linking verb, then it is correct to use “equal”. If the verb is not used as a linking verb, then it is correct to use “equally”.

How did the Declaration of Independence raise questions about slavery? ›

The declaration of Independence raised questions of how to achieve the ideals of American democracy in light of the economic need of southern states for slavery. These questions resulted in the infamous three fifths compromise in the constitution. Regarding a slave as three fifths of a person is in itself ironic.

How did slavery affect the Constitution? ›

Nevertheless, slavery received important protections in the Constitution. The notorious three-fifths clause—which counted three-fifths of a state's slave population in apportioning representation—gave the South extra representation in the House of Representatives and extra votes in the Electoral College.

What were the main reasons behind the Declaration of Independence? ›

One of the main purposes of the Declaration of Independence was to list all of the grievances the colonists had with King George III. They also wanted to show the world why they needed to declare their independence. Finally, they wanted to declare to the world that the United States was now an independent country.

What are the three important things about the Declaration of Independence? ›

The Declaration of Independence states three basic ideas: (1) God made all men equal and gave them the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; (2) the main business of government is to protect these rights; (3) if a government tries to withhold these rights, the people are free to revolt and to set up a ...

How did the Declaration of Independence influence us? ›

The Declaration's most important diplomatic effect was to allow for recognition of the United States by friendly foreign governments.

Did Jefferson free his slaves? ›

Thomas Jefferson freed two people during his life. He freed five people in his will. He allowed two or three people to escape without pursuit, and recommended informal freedom for two others. In total, of the more than six hundred people Jefferson enslaved, he freed only ten people – all members of the same family.

How many presidents owned slaves? ›

Twelve of the 18 presidents who held office between 1789 and 1877 owned slaves in various capacities: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, James Polk, Zachary Taylor, Andrew Johnson, and Ulysses Grant.

Who removed slavery from the Declaration of Independence? ›

And so, on the fourth day of July, 1776, with the adopted Declaration of Independence in hand, the thirteen American colonies formally declared their independence from Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson quietly seethed about the changes to his draft of the document, especially the deletion of the slavery passage.

Who was the man who freed the slaves? ›

President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."

How is equality the most important ideal in the Declaration of Independence? ›

Indeed, his original draft for the Declaration of Independence stated that all men are created free and independent. Men should be equal in that no one of them should be dependent on the will of another, and property made this independence possible.

How did the Declaration of Independence contribute to the concept of universal rights? ›

The Declaration of Independence, by which the American colonies severed their allegiance to the British Crown in 1776, proclaimed that “all men are created equal.” No less important, the declaration asserted the right of a people to dissolve political bonds that had come to be oppressive.

Why was the Declaration of Independence an important step in equal rights even though it recognized only some people's rights? ›

Why was the Declaration of Independence an important step in equal rights even though it recognized only some people's rights? Britain failed to recognize the rights of the colonists and didn't think of them as Britain's citizens.

What does the Declaration of Independence say about gender equality? ›

We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent ...

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