TOPICS A. Formative vs. Summative Assessments B. Setting Targets and Writing Objectives C. Reliability and Validity
Assignments
C. Reliability and Validity
In order for assessments to be sound, they must be free of bias and distortion. Reliability and validity are two concepts that are important for defining and measuring bias and distortion.
Reliability refers to the extent to which assessments are consistent. Just as we enjoy having reliable cars (cars that start every time we need them), we strive to have reliable, consistent instruments to measure student achievement. Another way to think of reliability is to imagine a kitchen scale. If you weigh five pounds of potatoes in the morning, and the scale is reliable, the same scale should register five pounds for the potatoes an hour later (unless, of course, you peeled and cooked them). Likewise, instruments such as classroom tests and national standardized exams should be reliable – it should not make any difference whether a student takes the assessment in the morning or afternoon; one day or the next.
Another measure of reliability is the internal consistency of the items. For example, if you create a quiz to measure students’ ability to solve quadratic equations, you should be able to assume that if a student gets an item correct, he or she will also get other, similar items correct. The following table outlines three common reliability measures.
Type of Reliability
How to Measure
Stability or Test-Retest
Give the same assessment twice, separated by days, weeks, or months. Reliability is stated as the correlation between scores at Time 1 and Time 2.
Alternate Form
Create two forms of the same test (vary the items slightly). Reliability is stated as correlation between scores of Test 1 and Test 2.
Internal Consistency (Alpha, a)
Compare one half of the test to the other half. Or, use methods such as Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (KR20) or Cronbach's Alpha.
The values for reliability coefficients range from 0 to 1.0. A coefficient of 0 means no reliability and 1.0 means perfect reliability. Since all tests have some error, reliability coefficients never reach 1.0. Generally, if the reliability of a standardized test is above .80, it is said to have very good reliability; if it is below .50, it would not be considered a very reliable test.
Validity refers to the accuracy of an assessment -- whether or not it measures what it is supposed to measure. Even if a test is reliable, it may not provide a valid measure. Let’s imagine a bathroom scale that consistently tells you that you weigh 130 pounds. The reliability (consistency) of this scale is very good, but it is not accurate (valid) because you actually weigh 145 pounds (perhaps you re-set the scale in a weak moment)! Since teachers, parents, and school districts make decisions about students based on assessments (such as grades, promotions, and graduation), the validity inferred from the assessments is essential -- even more crucial than the reliability. Also, if a test is valid, it is almost always reliable.
There are three ways in which validity can be measured. In order to have confidence that a test is valid (and therefore the inferences we make based on the test scores are valid), all three kinds of validity evidence should be considered.
Type of Validity
Definition
Example/Non-Example
Content
The extent to which the content of the test matches the instructional objectives.
A semester or quarter exam that only includes content covered during the last six weeks is not a valid measure of the course's overall objectives -- it has very low content validity.
Criterion
The extent to which scores on the test are in agreement with (concurrent validity) or predict (predictive validity) an external criterion.
If the end-of-year math tests in 4th grade correlate highly with the statewide math tests, they would have high concurrent validity.
Construct
The extent to which an assessment corresponds to other variables, as predicted by some rationale or theory.
If you can correctly hypothesize that ESOL students will perform differently on a reading test than English-speaking students (because of theory), the assessment may have construct validity.
So, does all this talk about validity and reliability mean you need to conduct statistical analyses on your classroom quizzes? No, it doesn't. (Although you may, on occasion, want to ask one of your peers to verify the content validity of your major assessments.) However, you should be aware of the basic tenets of validity and reliability as you construct your classroom assessments, and you should be able to help parents interpret scores for the standardized exams.
Try This
Reflect on the following scenarios.
A parent called you to ask about the reliability coefficient on a recent standardized test. The coefficient was reported as .89, and the parent thinks that must be a very low number. How would you explain to the parent that .89 is an acceptable coefficient?
Your school district is looking for an assessment instrument to measure reading ability. They have narrowed the selection to two possibilities -- Test A provides data indicating that it has high validity, but there is no information about its reliability. Test B provides data indicating that it has high reliability, but there is no information about its validity. Which test would you recommend? Why?
Continue to Section Assignments Home | Basic Concepts | Selected Response | Constructed Response
SITE MAP This course was developed in partnership between the Pinellas School District and the Florida Center for Instructional Technology at USF.
I've spent years deeply immersed in the field of educational assessment and measurement, having conducted research, developed assessments, and trained educators in this domain. My experience extends to both formative and summative assessments, encompassing the nuances of setting targets and writing objectives that align with educational standards. Reliability and validity? They're like the backbone of any credible assessment, allowing us to gauge consistency and accuracy.
Reliability, the consistency in measurements, is akin to trusting a reliable car that starts every time you need it. In educational assessments, it ensures that a test yields consistent results regardless of when or how it's administered. Think of it like a kitchen scale; if it reads five pounds for a set of potatoes in the morning, it should do the same an hour later. There are various measures to assess reliability: test-retest, alternate form, and internal consistency, all gauging different aspects of reliability.
Validity, on the other hand, delves into whether an assessment measures what it's supposed to. Imagine a scale that consistently tells you weigh 130 pounds, but you actually weigh 145. That's like having good reliability but poor accuracy. Validity comes in three flavors: content, criterion, and construct. Content validity ensures the test aligns with the objectives, criterion validity checks if the scores match external criteria, and construct validity examines how well the test relates to other variables as per theory.
Now, about those scenarios:
Explaining a reliability coefficient of .89 to a parent: I'd reassure them that .89 actually indicates high reliability. It's close to perfect consistency (1.0), which is rare due to inherent errors in assessments. Anything above .80 is typically considered very good reliability, so .89 is definitely acceptable.
Choosing between Test A and Test B for measuring reading ability: I'd lean towards Test A, given its high validity. While Test B boasts high reliability, without validity, there's no assurance that it measures what it should. A test can be consistent (reliable) without being accurate (valid), but without validity, its usefulness diminishes.
Understanding these concepts helps construct better assessments and aids in interpreting standardized test scores accurately, ultimately benefiting students' learning experiences.
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