What Is a Cash Position?
A cash position represents the amount of cash that a company, investment fund, or bank has on its books at a specific point in time. The cash position is a sign of financial strength and liquidity. In addition to cash itself, this position often takes into consideration highly liquid assets, such as certificates of deposit, short-term government debt, and other cash equivalents.
For traders and investors, the cash position refers to the portion of their investment portfolio assets that reside in cash or cash equivalents.
While cash positions will only earn the risk-free rate, they also have no downside risk. Cash can then be used as liquidity to make investments or a buffer against losses.
The Basics of a Cash Position
A cash position refers specifically to an organization's level of cash relative to its expenses and liabilities. Internal stakeholders look at cash position as frequently as daily, while external investors and analysts look at an organization's cash position on its quarterly cash flow statement. A stable cash position is one that allows a company or other entity to cover its current liabilities with a combination of cash and liquid assets.
However, when a company has a large cash position above and beyond its current liabilities, it is a powerful signal of financial strength. This is because cash is needed to fund growing operations and pay off obligations. However, too large a cash position can often signal waste, as the funds are generating very little return, or the company does not have enough ideas and projects to invest in.
Other organizations, such as commercial and investment banks, are generally required to have a minimum cash position, which is based upon the number of funds it holds. This ensures that the bank can pay out its account holders if they demand funding. When an investment fund has a large cash position, it is often a sign that it sees few attractive investments in the market and is comfortable sitting on the sidelines.
Key Takeaways
- A cash position represents the amount of cash that a trader or investor, company, investment fund, or bank has on its books at a specific point in time.
- Cash positions offer a liquidity reserve with which to make investments, or as a buffer against losses.
- Too much cash on hand, however, can incur an opportunity cost called cash drag.
Cash Position and Liquidity Ratios
An organization's cash position is usually analyzed through liquidity ratios. For example, the current ratio is derived as a company's current assets divided by its current liabilities. This measures the ability of an organization to cover its short-term obligations. If the ratio is greater than one, it means that the company has adequate cash on hand to continue to operate.
A cash position can also be found by looking at a company's free cash flow (FCF). This FCF can be found by taking a company's operating cash flow and subtracting its short-term and long-term capital expenditures.
Example of a Cash Position
Outside analysts often look at a company's FCF to gauge its performance. For example, Chase Corp.'s FCF in 2019 was 43% higher than its net income, which represents an FCF yield of 4.2%.
Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway had a cash position of $146 billion as of Q2 2020, compared to its $481 billion market cap.
Downsides of a Cash Position
While a cash position provides a liquidity reserve and a buffer against losses, cash by itself earns only the risk-free rate of return and too much cash holdings can be an opportunity cost. "Cash drag" is a common source of performance drag in a portfolio. It refers to holding a portion of a portfolio in cash rather than investing in this portion in the market.
Because cash typically has very low or even negative real returns after considering the effects of inflation, most portfolios would earn a better return by investing all cash in the market. However, some investors decide to hold cash to pay for account fees and commissions, as an emergency fund or as adiversifier of other portfolio investments.
