Calculations is one of the major challenge before Life Science Students.
Introduction:
As a Science graduate, we all know the importance of basic calculations in our Academic life. If we do not have good command over the basic calculation, it is difficult to excel in our laboratory work. The laboratory allows us to explore and test the theoretical concept that we had learned in theory classes. The basic requirement of any Science laboratory is to prepare various solutions of different concentration and hence we must know what is the solution & what is the concentration?
Solution is defined as the hom*ogenous mixture of two or more component namely solute and solvent. Whereas, the quantity of solute present in the definite solution relative to the solvent is known as concentration of solution or strength of solution. In this article we will learn all the basic concepts and calculation that we need in our laboratory work.
Type of solutions :
In laboratory, we make majorly two main types of solutions:
Standard solutions: The solution, which has known concentration.
Dilute solutions: The solution, which contains low quantity of solute relative to the solvent
Units used to express concentration:
There are different ways of expressing the concentration of solution and they are as follows-
Weight fraction or weight (W/W) %
Volume fraction or volume (V/V)%
Weight volume fraction (W/V) %
Molarity (M)
Normality (N)
Molality (m)
Mole fraction (X)
Calculations –
Let’s understand them one by one with sample problems –
Weight fraction (w/w)% : Weight fraction is termed as how much gram solute is dissolve in 100 grams of solution.
Let’s use the formula and try to solve some calculations-
Volume fraction (V/V)% : Volume fraction (V/V) % is defined as number of millimeters of solute dissolved in 100 ml of the solution.
Weight volume fraction (w/v) % : The how much gram of solute dissolve in 100 ml solution is define as weight fraction.
Molarity (M): It is defined as mole of solute per liter of solution at given temperature (moles / liter). As the temperature is increased, the molarity gets decreased due to decrease in solvent volume.
Normality (N): It is defined as number of gram equivalents of solute per liter of solution (gram equivalents /liter).
Molality (m) : It is defined as mole of solute present in 1000 gram of solvent (moles/kg). As the solvent is in solid state, temperature does not affect the Molality.
The above formula explains the relationship between Molarity and Molality
Mole fraction (X) : It is the ratio between numbers of mole of one particular component to the total number of moles of all the components of solution. It has no units. It is independent of temperature. The sum of mole fraction of all component is always 1. i.e x1 + x2 = 1.
OBJECTIVE The objective of the Sample Calculations is to document how the experimental results have been calculated from the raw data. Well presented sample calculations will establish the author's credibility with the reader.
These are the steps: First, count the atoms on each side. Second, change the coefficient of one of the substances. Third, count the numbers of atoms again and, from there, repeat steps two and three until you've balanced the equation. Here is an example of a chemical reaction that needs balancing: H2 + O2 → H2O.
Calculus, statistics and math-heavy physics are all part of the curriculum, as many different branches of chemistry rely on complex equations and data analysis. This combination of advanced math and the memorization of new chemistry concepts can intimidate new students.
Multiply the dosage by the patient's weight.Divide the dosage by the number of times the patient will take the drug in the day. This will give you the amount of the drug that the patient needs to take in a single dose. If the drug is in liquid form, it will have a concentration.
Calculations: In this section show any equations that you will be using along with a sample calculation for each. Show equation → Substitute values → Calculate answer It is not necessary to show the details of every calculation that you perform, one sample of each formula is sufficient.
A basic formula, solving for x, guides us in the setting up of an equation: D/H x Q = x, or Desired dose (amount) = ordered Dose amount/amount on Hand x Quantity.
The basic calculation for cost-per-test involves dividing the total cost associated with a particular test by the total number of tests conducted. It is crucial to include all costs in this calculation.
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