Discover how a plant-rich diet, physical activity, optimal folate intake, vitamin D supplementation, and stress management can increase telomere length and improve your overall well-being.
By Diana Licalzi
Edited by Jovan Mijailovic
Published March 6, 2024.
Aging is a complex, multifactorial process that starts in our cells, resulting in a gradual decline of the larger systems in the body. Scientists have proposed various theories for the reason we age, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell senescence, and telomere shortening.
In this article, we will focus on telomeres and aging, so let’s dive into five science-backed strategies to keep telomeres longer and healthier, and slow down the aging process.
Key takeaways
- Telomeres are the structures at the end of chromosomes, and mounting evidence suggests that telomere length declines with age—a change that scientists now consider a hallmark of aging.
- Focusing on a plant-rich diet full of fiber, antioxidants, vitamins, and phytonutrients may result in longer telomeres.
- Physical activity and exercise decrease oxidative stress and inflammation in the body, helping to protect telomeres from damage.
- Choose naturally folate-rich foods over those fortified with its synthetic variation (folic acid) for optimal telomere length.
- Higher vitamin D levels are associated with longer telomeres and may lengthen already shortened telomeres.
- Keep your stress and cortisol levels in check, as they can shorten telomeres and lifespan.
- Use InsideTracker to test biomarkers related to telomere length, including vitamin D, folate, and cortisol.
What are telomeres?
Telomeres, the structures at the end of chromosomes, help to protect DNA from damage and allow chromosomes to replicate properly during cell division.
Mounting evidence indicates that telomere length declines with age, and their rate of shortening may be indicative of how fast someone ages.Fortunately, dietary and lifestyle factors can impact the rate at which telomeres shorten—slow the rate of telomere shortening, and you may slow the aging process.
» Learn more about why you need a biological age blood test
5 strategies to slow telomere shortening
So, how to increase telomere length?
Lengthening telomeres is a complex process, but there are several science-backed strategies that can help promote telomere health and potentially slow down the shortening of telomeres.
1. Focus on a plant-rich diet for longer telomeres
Individuals with healthier diets tend to have longer telomeres, a lower risk of chronic diseases, and a longer lifespan. [1]
This recent 2019 meta-analysisanalyzed over 20 studies—both observational & interventional—to examine the association between diet and telomere length (TL).The researchers found that adherence to a Mediterranean diet, or a plant-rich diet, was linked to longer telomeres(of note, there haven't been any studies specifically looking at vegan or vegetarian diets and TL).
When looking at isolated foods, unrefined grains, nuts and seeds, and coffee were all associated with longer telomeres. The researchers also found that a diet rich in carotenoids, a nutrient found in leafy greens and red-orange colored fruits and vegetables, was significantly associated with longer telomeres.
Mediterranean and plant-rich diets consist of nutrient-dense, high-fiber foods, and healthy antioxidant-rich fats like omega-3 fatty acids. The components of these diets help to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the body—two mechanisms that may otherwise accelerate telomere shortening.
Individual studies further validate the relationship between nutrients of a plant-rich diet and TL. One large cross-sectional studyfound that those who consumed more fiber also had longer telomeres, while another studyshowed a diet rich in omega-3s was associated with a slower rate of telomere shortening.
Lastly, in this study,women who consumed a diet rich in antioxidants, particularly vitamins E & C and beta-carotene, had longer telomeres and a lower risk of developing breast cancer.The opposite was also true—a low intake of these nutrients was associated with shorter telomeres and a moderate risk of developing breast cancer.
2. Protect telomeres by engaging in physical activity
Both physical activity and exercise help preserve telomere length.[2] One large-scale investigationfrom the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) examined over 5,000 people and concluded that individuals who exercise more tend to have longer telomeres than those who lead more sedentary lives.
Similar to a nutrient-dense diet, engaging in physical activity helps to decrease oxidative stress and inflammation in the body, helping to protect telomeres from damage.
Furthermore, telomerase—the enzyme that helps maintain telomere length—activitymay also increase in more active people. Werner et al. examined telomere activity among athletes and found that athletes had increased telomerase activity and reduced telomere shortening compared to non-athletes. [3]
Figure 1. Potential effects of physical activity and exercise on telomere length Reprinted from "Physical activity and telomere length: Impact of aging and potential mechanisms of action,” Arsenis, N. et al. 2017, Oncotarget vol. 8,27. Copyright 2017 by Arsenis et al.
3. Choose folate, not folic acid, for optimal telomerelength
Folate, an essential B vitamin found in food, may play a role in protecting and increasing telomere length.Some studies demonstrate that individuals with adequate folate levels have longer telomeres, while a deficiency in the vitamin can lead to DNA damage and shorter telomeres. [4, 5]
But, too much folate isn’t necessarily a good thing either. Scientists discovered in a 2009 study that individuals with the highest folate levels had shorter telomeres. [6]
Folate is often added to our food supply (bread, cereal, and pasta) and to multivitamins in its synthetic form, folic acid. Folic acid acts differently in the body compared to natural folate, as its bioavailability is significantly higher (85% compared to 50%). [7] To ensure proper amounts of folate, focus on natural sources of the vitamin, including:
- Spinach
- Asparagus
- Artichoke
- Broccoli
- Most legumes
4. Supplement with vitamin D to improve already short telomeres
A strong relationship also exists between vitamin D and telomere length. A studypublished inThe Journal of Frailty & Agingfound that higher vitamin D levels were associated with longer telomere length.
Vitamin D has many functions in the body, including its role in modulating inflammation—a mechanism that may protect telomeres as well.What’s more, supplementing with vitamin D may also help lengthen already shortened telomeres.
In a randomized control trial,older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were administered 800IU of daily vitamin D. After 12 months of supplementation, the experimental group had significantly improved measures of oxidative stress and MCI, and longer telomeres relative to the control group. This study suggests that vitamin D can help reduce oxidative stress, leading to longer, healthier telomeres.
5. Extend your life and telomeres by keeping stress at bay
Chronic levels of stress drive up cortisol levels and increase oxidative stress, both factors in telomere shortening. [8]
In one fascinating study, two groups of women had their perceived stress levels and telomere length measured. The control group consisted of mothers of healthy children, while the experimental group was comprised of mothers of chronically ill children (“caregivers”). The caregivers had significantly reduced telomerase activity and shorter telomeres compared to the women in the control group.
The authors of the study also noted that the difference in telomere length between the two groups was “equivalent to 10 years of life,” meaning the women under more stress faced a greater risk of age-related health issues.
» Find out if epigenetic clocks are ready to determine your biological age
Optimizing telomere health with InsideTracker
Take control of your health and longevity with InsideTracker—test biomarkers related to telomere length, including vitamin D, folate, and cortisol, to optimize your health and slow telomere shortening.
Get started today and unlock the potential for a healthier, longer life.
References:
[1]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6316700/
[2]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5546536/
[3]https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19948976/
[4]https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/139/7/1273/4670470
[5]https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955286311000052
[6]https://now.tufts.edu/articles/lessons-aging-chromosomes
[7]https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/
